Capitalism and end of slavery Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Capitalism and end of slavery - Research Paper Example These were some of the factors that led to beginning of capitalism. Capitalism started spreading in chronological order over Portugal, Spain, Holland, England and France. The protectionist system, modern mode of taxation and national debt were embraced in England at the end of 17 century (Max 667). The states were at the process of transformation from Feudal production mode to capitalism mode and to make the transition shorter. The colonial system took revenge on pious pilgrim father’s descendants some decades later. Capitalism and end of slavery It was the beginning of the 15th century that Europeans started to buy slaves from Africa especially West Africa and East Africa. During this time, slave trade became the central to the economy of several African states such as the Ashanti people. This threatened many Africans, which enslavement, however; Africans saw this as a profitable business, for instance, the King of Ashanti. Millions of Africans were bought to work in European countries.1 Slave trade continued for many decades. In 1685, Louis XIV started regulating slavery in the colonies. However, it was during the 18 century, when laws regulating slaved trade were enacted in America (John & Alfred 72). In many African societies slaves were treated as property while others as dependants, therefore, people had the right to trade them for goods. When slaves were bought, they were taken to the owners countries where they worked as laborers or joined the military. Many of the African slaves were purchased to perform domestic labor or do menial work. Other people also bought slaves to enhance their status in the society. The slave trade between America and Africa was referred to as triangular trade since it involved three stages. The Outward passage was the first stage where alcohol, guns and iron bars were moved from Europe to West Africa. The second passage was the Middle Passage where slaves were exchanged for Europeans goods (Eric 30). The third was the inward passage comprised of the journey passage. In most areas, early slavery resulted from warring communities taking captives. The slaves were sold since they were of little use and in many cases a bother when kept at home hence sold and taken to Europe. Arthur Wendover recounts his visit to the Slave Coast in 1962. He explains that people in the Slave Coast were trustworthy since goods are left ashore with no one watch them and no one stole any thing. He also adds that people never go to the sea since their rivers were large and had enough fish to feed them. This shows that the place had an abundant supply of food. Arthur states that the Slave Coast was the chief market for slaves (Robin 232). The Phidalgoe was the man with whom the slave trade was conducted. He is described as a good man and lived in splendor. Cappusheers who also lived in Slave Coast, on the other hand, are defined as people who were laborious, good and honest. They were mainly builders and did not trouble anyb ody as they did not come within the Kings Court (Alison & Adam 203). This is unlike the Guidah who were thieves and were troublesome to their King. The ship that goes to Guidah ran a risk of being robbed of both slaves and goods. The slave traders were not secure as their goods would be stolen when they took some routes. The rates given for slaves was exceedingly little. For instance, in Appa slaves were exchanged for 1 piece green silk containing 37 and a quarter yards for

British decolonisation in Africa Essay Example for Free

British decolonisation in Africa Essay Within the context of 1880-1980, to what extent did British actions accelerate British decolonisation in Africa? In the later years of the 19th century the scramble for the African continent by Western imperialist powers was reaching its climax. It appeared that the dark continent was to be no longer dark, but to be the product of Western colonial expansion with several European countries dividing up the land. No where was this more apparent than with Britain whose Empire was at its height at the turn of the century. Egypt, for instance, was a colony for 40 years (1882-1922) with its pinnacle at the turn of the century; however the decolonisation of the country as early as this is an anomaly in itself as only South Africa had previously been granted independence by the British, albeit as a self-governing dominion. In a bizarre turn of events which historians still debate today, the Empire crumbled and by the 1970s only two African states remained British colonies: Rhodesia and South West Africa. The Empire had taken the best part of a century to amalgamate, yet was mostly swept away in just over a decade. Many reasons have been proposed for the vast acceleration of decolonisation including economic difficulties at the metropole (Cain and Hopkins)1 and the rise of local nationalist movements (Hodgkin)2. More recently the actions of the British have been cited as a possible factor for the acceleration of decolonisation in Africa, marking a change in the historiography of the period. Turner3 and Lapping4 are promoters of this theory, which is gaining credence in the academic world. The 1945 election of the Labour party is a watershed in decolonisation acceleration. WW2 had recently ended which marked a shift in British culture and society, including a changed attitude to Empire. Interestingly, whilst many of the new Cabinet were anti-imperialists, the new government did not have a direct plan to fully decolonise. It was more a case of the Empire having to take a backseat to far more pressing matters: imperialism, in effect, slipped through the cracks of government. The party was elected on the mandate of and closely focused upon British welfare; the African colonies were working and therefore the governments attention was deviated, however it was one of the actions directed at the metropole which accelerated independence for many colonies. The introduction of the Welfare State in 1948 led many Britons to consider the priority and indeed the importance of the Empire when compared to home-grown issues. WW2 brought increased globalisation and it is possible that through this many British citizens saw their needs ahead of the colonies: an archaic and out-of-date segment of British foreign policy. If the colonies had representation in the British Parliament and were a province of, rather than simply a colony of Great Britain, this attitude may have been different: French Algeria, for instance, was certainly more respected at the metropole then any of Britains African colonies. There is a debate however, as to whether the British public had undergone a liberal revolution or were simply acting with self-interest. White has theorised that the latter is true, citing that the reason as to why the colonies were ditched was to release resources for domestic welfare spending5. Moreover, the fact National Service was revoked in 1960 reduced Britains ability to defend its colonies against uprising nationalist movements: conscription was ended through self-interest, as the majority of British youths didnt want to have to fight in the far off terrains of Sub-Saharan Africa. This further implies that the average British citizen was becoming disinterested by the Empire or, at the very least, impartial to its future. I will cover nationalism in greater depth below, but with such a lack of metropole interest, the Empire could not be expected to last long. The British action of electing a Labour government effectively, in an indirect form, accelerated decolonisation for ma ny of the African colonies. WW1 expanded the Empire both geographically and as a world power, with Britain gaining several new mandates from the Ottoman Empire. The geographical expansion of the Empire post-WW1 and the reluctance of the metropole to grant these new mandates independence6, imply that attitudes had not changed and many (both in government and in society) saw the Empire as a credible and useful segment of British politics: therefore, with the exception of the more economically advanced Egypt, African decolonisation by the British did not occur between the wars. Rather, many African colonies developed and became more stable societies. Take the Gold Coast for instance: between the wars its economy, communications and education became, to a certain extent, Westernised and the country flourished. Admittedly this led to the acceleration of nationalist movements in the area which, in turn, accelerated decolonisation, but the country was undeniably prospering due to the British-led government of the time.7 Many citizens of the African colonies (including Egypt and the Gold Coast) fought alongside British soldiers in WW1 and the respect and prestige for the peoples increased because of it. Indeed, the 1914-1939 era can be seen as one of the strongest periods of the British African Empire. This implies that a post-1945 factor (e.g. the Suez Crisis, see below) accelerated decolonisation. In comparison, World War 2 accelerated decolonisation at a far greater rate than many could have imagined just a few years prior. Effectively, the war established rather paradoxically that imperialism (both British and otherwise) was both positive and negative. Ferguson has noted that the British Empire sacrificed itself to stop the spread of the evil empire of Nazi Germany: indeed, the British Empire had never had a finer hour8 than when it was self-sacrificing. During the war it was inevitable that Britain would have to, to a certain extent, neglect the colonies to focus on defeating the enemy. Through this the colonies became more independent having to, for example, source resources and engage in trade without the aid of the metropole. Moreover, the colonial peoples had a greater influence on the running of their societies; in effect, many became informal dominions. This, combined with the policies of the 1945 Labour government, further fuelled nationalism which accelerated decolonisation; in a way similar to how the two World Wars improved womens rights in Britain, the wars seemed to suggest that many colonies could govern effectively on their own. Previously, only the more economically and politically stable societies had been granted independence (e.g. South Africa, 1910) and several colonies (e.g. the Gold Coast) seemed to show similar traits during the war. The Second World War didnt lead directly to decolonisation, but it is this British action which occurred because of the conflict that accelerated decolonisation in British Africa. The end of WW2 bought increased globalisation and a new world order, where the enemy didnt appear to be Nazism or Fascism, but rather the expansion of the Soviet Bloc and the spread of communism: the Cold War was just beginning to ignite. Along with the notion of changed attitudes of the British people, there is also the argument that the Empire really didnt fit into the new world. Now, the split between East and West had never been more apparent and British Africa looked like an oddity: along with the passing of new welfare legislation at the metropole and the changing attitudes of the British people, Britain needed to abolish the Empire for two reasons directly related to the Cold War: to concentrate efforts on halting the spread of communism and to appease the anti-imperialist US, who Britain now required as an ally more than ever before. Moreover, the world order was now unclear and Britain had far greater problems to worry about than what their small African colonies were up to: put bluntly, the new threat of nuclear inhalation seemed more important than the political shortcomings of, say, Somalia. While WW2 does spell out more crucial factors for the acceleration of decolonisation, the Cold War is another smaller factor which just added to the need to decolonise. The post-WW2 economy is a further crucial factor in the acceleration of decolonisation. Britain was no longer able to withstand the fiscal costs of Empire; this was coupled with a lack of substantial profit coming into the metropole from the African colonies. Economically, WW2 was a great strain on Britain with the country coming out of the war in great debt; she required a loan of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½145million from the US alone9. Britain was exhausted and worn down, both figuratively and physically. Many cities required money to rebuild, some from scratch, plus food badly needed to be imported following years of intense rationing. Moreover, the introduction of the welfare state (see above) required significant funding. As said, attitudes to Empire were changing which, combined with the need for intense spending on the homeland, led to many seeing the African colonies simply as a drain on Britains already scarce resources. Britain made the situation worse: during the war she had understanda bly concentrated on producing munitions for her troops, resulting in fewer exports to the colonies. Many turned away from the metropole and looked to alternate suppliers, including their own land which inevitably fuelled nationalism further. Moreover, two acts (The Colonial Development and Welfare Acts of 1940 and 1945) were passed during wartime which forced the British government to further invest in the colonial economies10, therefore making an already problematic economic situation worse. It is possible that the government felt it was backed into a corner and simply did not have the patience or money to rebuild the colonies and the metropole: they had become, or at least had the potential to become, a major rupture on the British economy a rupture Britain could not afford to fix, but only to cut out completely. In the early 20th century when British imperialism was at its height, Hobson11 saw the expansion of Britain in Africa as purely economic and an underhand method to help capitalists at the metropole this opinion was endorsed by Lenin in 191612 and, in an albeit modified form, by the historian Darwin in 1984: more completely than ever before, economics and empire had come together13. More recently, Cain and Hopkins14 have suggested that imperialism in Africa was established by gentleman capitalists15 who were simply aiming to make profit out of the African land. Of course, if this is the case, then with the post-war debt experienced in 1945 it would have been difficult to make money from these colonies, leading to decolonisation. The decolonisation of African colonies would effectively make Britain a richer country, therefore agreeing with the views expressed by Cain and Hopkins and others: the Empire had served its purpose of aiding Britains wealth but now it was draining it and, as such, it was time for it to go. The Suez Crisis of 1956 was one of the most decisive British actions in the 20th century to accelerate decolonisation in Africa. Former Prime Minister Harold MacMillan once remarked that it is events, dear boy, events16 which determine the success of a premiership. The term event is almost too light of a phrase to use when considering the Suez Crisis: not only did it annihilate Anthony Edens administration, but it was also the launching pad for many factors which saw British decolonisation vastly accelerated. There are two key elements of the crisis which paved the way to said factors: the deception employed by the imperialist powers of Britain and France, plus the apparent overreaction to a simple act of nationalisation by a head of state. Both these factors led to the reputations of the countries involved and international relations been damaged, as well as a decrease in trade. Britain was the driving force behind the attack hence she was particularly wounded with the political and economic fallout: for one, the special relationship with the United States was harmed (Secretary of State John Foster Dulles claimed the British government had explicitly lied to [him]17) and, more critically for this inquiry, her reputation within the African continent was damaged. Britain looked small and corrupt, a mere shadow of her former colonial self; she was attempting to throw her imperialist weight around in a world which it didnt seem to fit. Nasser had successfully stood up to the Western powers and won, thus undermining Britain and France, plus providing inspiration to the many oppressed colonies. However, it is possible that the reaction did not provoke the level of international condemnation that is contemporarily considered, showing a difference in historiography. To the African colonies, former British dominions that had experienced colonialism and anti-imperialist powers such as the USA, then yes, it is likely that Britains reputation was damaged. However, to other imperialists it is possible that the government simply appeared to be standing firm with a tyrant. World War 2 had been won only 11 years prior, hence the memory of what tyrannical dictators can achieve was still fresh in most leaders minds. Eden may have appeared noble and selfless, destroying not just his own political career but a carefully-crafted reputation built up over more than 20 years18 for the greater good of a safer world, or at least a more economically stable Great Britain. White has proposed that there [were] a number of lacklustre continuities, rather than dramatic discontinuities19 in imperialist policy following Edens departure: a government memorandum circulated in the immediate aftermath of the crisis, for instance, made no mention of impending decolonisation20. Suez was not so much a watershed, but a temporary setback in Britains imperial decline, indicating other factors are responsible. Economically, the Egyptian nationalisation of the canal posed a significant danger to Britain as 2/3 of the countrys oil utilised the waterway. The chief reason as to why Britain intervened in the first place (and, indeed, retained the Canal Zone in 1922) was that the government simply did not trust the Egyptians to efficiently control the windpipe21 of the British economy. Post-crisis, Britains humiliation resulted in a trade decrease and a catastrophic22 run on the pound, resulting in her appearing not only politically and militarily weak but also financially weak. This situation, which was caused by the Suez Crisis, meant that Britain could no longer afford to support the African colonies, implying that the British action of invading the Suez Canal Zone led to one of the factors which brought about the Empires collapse. Combined, these factors inspired nationalist movements within the colonies and general condemnation of imperialism, which also accelerated decolonisation. The crisis is unique as not only did it, to a certain extent accelerate decolonisation, but it is also one of the very few examples of where a British action greatly damages the standing of the Empire. Prior to Suez, Britain was surprisingly cautious with decolonisation (with regard to Africa, only 4 of her 24 colonies had been decolonised at this point); arguably this was to retain an Empire, but also to ensure that the new societies were ready to govern. It was only following the Suez debacle that decolonisation accelerated, implying that previously Britain had took great care over the handovers of power. South Africa was a stable society when decolonised in 1910 and, looking further afield, so were Australia, Canada and India. To many other countries and colonies, Britain appeared now unable to continue to be the metropole of a successful Empire. After all, if the dictator of a former colony could cause a country such ridicule, how could they be expected to carry on maintaining a successful Empire? Comparatively with White23, Turner has called the crisis a military failure and political disaster24, whilst Lapping has referred to it as the imperial cataclysm25 in decolonisation acceleration. The crisis was highly influential in the eventual collapse of the British Empire in Africa but it did not lead directly to decolonisation, rather greatly accelerated it. The rise of nationalism within the African colonies inevitably accelerated decolonisation; advocates of this theory argue that for decolonisation to occur there needs to be an opposition force to the status quo government (in this case, colonial British rule), thereby giving the people a choice. Looking throughout history at the Empire as a whole gives this theory credibility: look at the violent independence battles of the 13 North American colonies in 1783 or India in 1947, and compare that to the peaceful colony of the Falkland Islands which still exists today. The previous decolonisation record of the British government, plus the 1947 granting of independence to India, no doubt sent the message that it was only a matter of time before the African colonies were decolonised. India specifically was the jewel in the crown of the British Empire and as such its decolonisation will have led many, both in the colonies and abroad, to see the Empire as deteriorating. This accelerated nationalist movements within the African colonies, with India referencing the beginning of the end. After all, if India could be granted independence through a powerful and violent nationalist movement, then why couldnt the other far less prestigious colonies? Indian independence inspired others to rise up and attempt to take back control of their lands, accelerating the decolonisation process for British Africa. Similarly, plus to reiterate an earlier point, the Suez Crisis accelerated nationalism: Nasser appeared to be the David who had managed to annihilate the imperialist Goliath. This inspired nationalism in other colonies to grow and attempt to take back control of their lands: after all, if Nasser could manage it then why couldnt they? Harold MacMillans Winds of Change speech four years later further inspired this nationalism as, for the first time, the government officially acknowledged the inevitability of decolonisation. The speech sent the message to many colonial peoples that nationalism was acceptable: for the first time in almost 100 hundred years, power was given to the Africans. MacMillan was acknowledging that the British government could no longer afford to sustain an Empire and would be willing to pass power to the local peoples if they should so wish. The speech had a great effect as over the next ten years 88% of Britains remaining African colonies were granted independence; by 1968, only two remained. Nationalism was suddenly acceptable which encouraged those who may have been content to be a colony to rise up against imperialism. This speech, combined with Britains poor economic situation and damaged credibility following Suez, vastly accelerated decolonisation. Moreover, the vast majority of British colonies were underdeveloped both economically and socially which further advanced nationalism. Take Nigeria for instance: the peoples were so against colonial oppression many began to strike from work a surprisingly Western phenomenon implying the people were more integrated than they may have wished to believe. It is estimated that from 1945-50, over 100,000 working days were lost in Nigeria to strike action against colonial rule26. Even the Gold Coast (the very model27 of a colony) was not free of such demonstrations against imperialism: February 1948 witnessed a violent protest, resulting in the deaths of two British servicemen28. One only has to look at Kenya and the Mau Mau rebellions to see further evidence of increasing dissent with British imperialism. It had, to use the words of one modern historian, turned into a rapid scuttle29 of local nationalism. The Gold Coast was decolonized in 1957 but had been allowed to gradually master the art of modern government over many years, leading to a much more stable society post-independence, making it the very model of decolonisation30. In comparison, when Nigeria was swiftly decolonised in 1960 the government was a weak coalition with limited power two army coups followed in 1964 and 1966. Britains damaged reputation in the continent prevented stable governments from being created, resulting in far more fragile states today. French Algeria (despite been a province of the metropole) saw terrible violence between the FLN and colons: to use a term of warfare, the Algerian nationalists utilised violent guerrilla tactics to spread their cause, resulting in a great amount of destruction and loss of life. Algeria bullied itself into independence in 1962 further showing that imperial metropoles were not as powerful as they once were. It is an exaggeration perhaps, but it can be said that the Suez Crisis was the first instance which led to these new states political and economic troubles which still exist today. Look at Egypt and South Africa today or, from a more international perspective, India and Australia, all of which were granted independence pre-1956 and compare them to the troubled states of Nigeria, Kenya (1963) and Somalia (1960). The acceleration of British decolonisation in the latter half of the 20th century is the opposite of what the government and imperialists like the legendary Cecil Rhodes would have imagined just 60-70 years previously. They had fought sometimes bloody battles for the expansion of the British Empire into the less civilised areas of the world, yet now the government was seemingly trying to get rid of the Empire in as rapid and inefficient way as possible. Multiple factors account for the sudden acceleration of decolonisation, but most come back to the actions of the British: if Britain had, for instance, provided more support and direct governance in a Westernised style (as seen in the Gold Coast), her colonies would have developed at a greater rate leading to a greater level of content from the colonial peoples. However her neglect and exploitation of her own people led to dissent within the colonies, leading many to want out before they were politically ready. The most pivotal British action which is continually referred back to is the 1956 Suez Crisis: for the first time in the Empires history, the British appeared militarily, politically and economically weak, causing many in the African colonies to quite fairly believe they could run their countries better. Nationalism was inevitable, and the international conflicts of the Cold War and the two World Wars couldnt be stopped, implying that Britain herself was responsible for the downfall of her own Empire. If the crisis hadnt occurred then the Empire would have faded away through gradual decolonisation as each territory became more economically, politically and socially developed; instead, the Crisis turned decolonisation of Africa into a rapid scuttle31, with Britain almost retreating into a corner trying to distance herself as far as possible from the embarrassment of 1956. Today, it is easy to see that decolonisation was inevitable; the Suez Crisis just accelerated that inevitability. One of the worlds greatest Empires was established by one of the most powerful countries in the world, so it is only fitting that it was destroyed by one of the most disgraced it is just unfortunate they were both Great Britain. 1 Cain, P. J. Hopkins, A. J., 1993, British Imperialism: Crisis and Deconstruction, 1914-1990 2 Hodgkin, T., 1956, Nationalism in Colonial Africa 3 Turner, B., 2006, Suez 1956: The Inside Story of the First Oil War 4 Lapping, B., 1985, End of Empire 5 White, N. J., 1999, Decolonisation: The British Experience Since 1945, Pg 32 6 Thorn, G., 2008, End of Empires: European Decolonisation 1919-80, Pg 16 7 McLaughlin, J. L., 1994, The Colonial Era: British Rule of the Gold Coast 8 Ferguson, N., 2004, Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World 9 Rohrer, F., 10/05/2006, BBC News [Online] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4757181.stm] [Accessed 25/04/2010] 10 Chamberlain, M.E., 1985, Decolonisation: The Fall of the European Empires, Pg 35 11 Hobson, J.A., 1902, Imperialism: A Study 12 Lenin, V., 1916, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism 13 Darwin, J., 1984, British Decolonization since 1945: A Pattern or a Puzzle?, Pg 197 14 Cain, P. J. Hopkins, A. J., 1993, British Imperialism: Crisis and Deconstruction, 1914-1990 15 Cain, P. J. Hopkins, A. J., 1993, British Imperialism: Innovation and Expansion, 1688-1914 16 Beckett, F., 2006, MacMillan, Pg 97 17 Wilby, P., 2006, Eden, Pg 79 18 Wilby, P., 2006, Eden, Pg 128 19 White, N. J., 1999, Decolonisation: The British Experience Since 1945, Pg 85 20 White, N. J., 1999, Decolonisation: The British Experience Since 1945, Pg 128 21 Wilby, P., 2006, Eden, Pg 96 22 White, N. J., 1999, Decolonisation: The British Experience Since 1945, Pg 84 23 White, N. J., 1999, Decolonisation: The British Experience Since 1945 24 Turner, B., 2006, Suez 1956: The Inside Story of the First Oil War 25 Lapping, B., 1985, End of Empire 26 White, N. J., 1999, Decolonisation: The British Experience Since 1945, Pg 48 27 Thorn, G., 2008, End of Empires: European Decolonisation 1919-80, Pg 50 28 White, N. J., 1999, Decolonisation: The British Experience Since 1945, Pg 49 29 Lapping, B., 1985, End of Empire, Pg 227 30 Thorn, G., 2008, End of Empires: European Decolonisation 1919-80, Pg 50 31 Lapping, B., 1985, End of Empire, Pg 227

The Potential Of Ecotourism In Malaysia Tourism Essay

The Potential Of Ecotourism In Malaysia Tourism Essay This research paper is focus on tourism industry (ecotourism) in Malaysia. The objective of this paper is to report on an empirical research study which investigated how to improve or develop the industry tourism (ecotourism) in Malaysia? Besides improvements, the important for this research is to concern about the contribution of the tourism industry on the Malaysia GDP. To understanding the natural sources that we owned and generate it to develop our country. Findings were from the analysis of data such as internet, newspaper, government data and source that prepared by other people. A regression model was developed as evidence to this. The literature on this aspect is limited. Thus, the research findings of this study are useful for future studies. This study also provides several recommendations for future research in this area. Introduction of tourism (ecotourism) Tourism is a relaxing activity for people to travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. Based on the World Tourism Organization describe that tourists is people who travel to other places and stay in places outside their usual environment. According to World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), tourism has become one of the global largest industries nowadays. In other word mean that tourism has become a well-liked global leisure activity. In year 2009, Tourism industry has contributed 9.4% of world GDP into the economy, or equivalent of 5433.7 US billion dollars. There are a lot of people who traveling around the world time by time just to release tension or enjoy their lifetime or business purpose. Based on WTO, there were over 922 million international tourist arrivals in 2008, with a growth of 1.9% as compared to 2007. In 2008, international tourism receipts grew to US$944 billion (euro 642 billion), corresponding to an increase in real terms of 1.8%. Furthermore, real G DP growth is expected to growth in average 4.4% over the coming ten years. In the other hand, tourism economy has provided a total 235 million jobs in the worldwide. However, in the beginning of June 2008, international travel demand suffered a strong slowdown, with growth in international tourism arrivals worldwide falling to 2% during the boreal summer months. This negative trend become strong during 2009, worsen in some countries due to the outbreak of the H1N1 influenza virus, resulting in a worldwide decline of 4% in 2009 to 880 million international tourists arrivals, and an estimated 6% decline in international tourism receipts. The country that hit badly such as Mexico, experienced outbreaks of respiratory illness and enlarged reports of patients with influenza-like illness (ILI) in several areas of the country. Based on our tourism ministry Dr. Ng Yen Yen said that during that serious epidemic period, it unaffected our tourism sectors but further increase our tourist arrival. We can see that Malaysia is still attracting the tourist although there is happening the epidemic. This is also because our epidemic is still under control which me an our country less affected by H1N1, this caused to the people who favor on tour shift their planning to other more safety countries such as Malaysia. In Malaysia, travel and tourism industrys share of GDP has rise from 8.6%, worth RM8.02 billion in year 1988 to 14.1% of GDP, worth RM94.6 billion in years 2009. While travel and tourism direct industry (included transport, accommodations, food and beverages and etc.) has brought a total income of RM36.8 billions in year 2009, or 5.5% of GDP. Besides that, tourism has created a total job opportunities of 1395700, or equivalent of 12.7% of total employment. As we know that Malaysia is one of the country which held in the tropical area on the earth. Malaysia is an amazing country with immeasurable large quantity of biodiversity. It is not surprising to find that 75 percent of Malaysias land area is remains forested, with 60 percent virgin rainforest that unchanged for over millions years. The country is presented with numerous natural attractions such as amazing and diverse flora and fauna (refflesia, orang utan), white sandy beaches, exotic marine aqua life (Pulau Sipadan, Pulau Matak ing), dense rainforests(Taman Negara) and the oldest and largest caves in the world (Deer cave). To sharing of the mysteries in Malaysia, one of the twelve mega-biologically diverse countries in the world, which boasts at least 15,000 species of flowering plants, 286 species of mammals, 150,000 species of invertebrates, and 4,000 species of fishes in addition to the countless micro-organisms. Experience a huge range of outdoor activities, such as caving, hiking, jungle trekking, snorkeling, rock climbing, diving, river cruising and much more. Experienced outdoor professionals, who are well ready with the latest gear, can guide you through all of these activities. If you are looking for rich and exotic ecotourism experiences in balmy tropical weather, the time is now, the place is Malaysia. This made Malaysia owned the potential to develop the ecotourism to growth up the economy furthermore can introduce Malaysia to other countries. To let others learn more about the natural better than keep reliance in the industrial sector to boost up the GDP. The widespread interest in ecotourism among tourism players is due to its direct linkage to the greater prospects for sound and sustainable tourism development with strong possibilities for appropriate local participation and shared responsibility for preserving the environment, cultural heritage and peoples way of life. It is needed everyone to responsibility to protect our natural environment well. Research Problem As we know that Malaysia is a tropical forest country that rich with the natural sources flora and fauna, white sandy beaches, exotic marine aqua life, dense rainforest and the oldest and largest caves in the world. Therefore we should introduce it to foreign country so that it can attract the foreign tourist to our country. But the problem is does it really known by other countries? What should we do to improve our natural sources to attract the tourist? What are the factors that influence the total number of tourist to Malaysia? Besides, how we going to develop it, so that it can more known by other counties tourists? However it is needed a sustainable develop to prevent it get harm to the biodiversity. And since we know that when there is a lot of tourist to our country sure it will generate capital flow into our country and increase our GDP. Therefore it is needed to understand the potential and how to attract tourists to generate our country income. Research Question What did the government do to develop the tourism industry? Does it have the potential to attract the foreign tourists? How to improve our ecotourism facilities and services? What are the strategies to attract more tourists to visit Malaysia? Research Objective To realize the important of tourism industry. To analyze the potential of tropical country that rich with immeasurable large quantity of biodiversity. To examine what initiative will be taken by the government. To analyze the contribution of tourism in our GDP. Literature Review http://www.apo-tokyo.org/gp/e_publi/gplinkeco/17chapter15.pdf Mohammed Mohd. Daud, (n.d.) with his conference article The Ecotourism Develop In Malaysia mention that the services sector including the tourism industry, is the major revenue as well as the largest contributor to Malaysias Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at 46% in 1999. He specified that the tourism is a growing sector and gaining importance in the Malaysian economy. Besides, due to the existing legal requirements and the economic development strategy, the promotion of tourism and ecotourism activities in Malaysia involves a number of institutions and also including the statutory body Tourism Malaysia to involve in marketing and promoting tourism product. Considering that the ecotourism objective such as the National Parks and wildlife sanctuaries are often located in distant places, but the government would provide basic infrastructure facilities such as roads, jetties and some amenities. Furthermore, the government is also supporting ecotourism development by means of sponsoring th e cost of technical consultancy work on particular ecotourism destinations. For case study in this article mention that although the Kinabatangan Wildlife Safari has not matured yet in developing, it is already showing its potential in becoming a successful ecotourism destination where preservation of natural resources with sustainable development. It involves all parties such as the government, private sector, local communities and NGOs work together in a partnership to protect the priceless natural asset by translating business opportunities into maintenance benefits. The purpose of this study is to calculate tourisms contribution through deriving multipliers in terms of output, income, employment, value added, and import for Malaysian economy. Based on this study, they found that, tourism sector have been generated employment which is 174 full-time employee for every Ringgit of tourist expenditure. According to researcher, entertainment sector is most important sector that generated tourism income followed by accommodation and food beverages. Malaysian tourism industry not only playing an important role for generating output, income, employment, value-added, and import but also creates spillover effects on other tourism related sectors of the economy. However, based on the analysis of this paper, it is obvious that tourism industry is contributing significantly to the Malaysian economy in terms of generating output, income, employment, and value-added. http://www.google.com.my/#hl=ensource=hpbiw=1189bih=544q=DEVELOPMENT+OF+ECO-TOURISM+IN+TRIBAL+REGIONS+OF+ORISSA%3A+POTENTIAL+AND+RECOMMENDATIONSrlz=1R2PPSU_enMY368aq=faqi=aql=oq=gs_rfai=fp=42cdcfe0f1684f63 Based on the Nilakantha Panigrahi research paper DEVELOPMENT OF ECO-TOURISM IN TRIBAL REGIONS OF ORISSA: POTENTIAL AND RECOMMENDATIONS had mention about the wealth in being tourism of the Orissa region in eastern India. He said that with the well develop in the ecotourism will generate some income for the state. Tourism is identifying as an industry in Orissa in generate the income from the foreign tourists because that place seem to have different type of attractive onwards the tourists especially the countless temples of Orissa scattered at the state. The attractiveness is that the state owned 79 heritage sites in Orissa which protected by Archaeological Survey of India. Western Orissa is known by a small temple town, besides particularly of the western Orissa have the streams and forests which show the natural beauty of Harisankar in Bolangir and Nrusinghanath in Balangir. Furthermore, Kalahandi area is endowed with the wealth of forests, for example existence of a rare species of black tiger, with a natural waterfall at Rabandar, and a host of temples situated at the hilltops of Bhawanipatna. Nevertheless, the concept of museum is also being established by government for collected and displaying those artifacts by following the types of it. The record from 1990 until 1998 with the attraction of tourists is 86.58% in domestic and 11.50% for foreign tourists. This can be proved that the well known of domestic people and unrealized in the potential of the place as being a tourism destination for foreign tourists because of poor developing that place. However the tourist arrival show that the increasing trend from 1990 until 1997 but dropping in 1997-1999 due to the Asian financial crisis and then increase again in 1999 to 2000. Due to the Orissa heritage place, natural environment with flora and fauna it can be the successful destination for tourists. The reason that it cannot attract more is because of poor developing by government as a tourism destination from an ecological and cultural point of view. http://www.uea.ac.uk/env/cserge/pub/wp/gec/gec_1995_30.pdf. From the TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY IN ENVIRONMENTALLY FRAGILE AREAS: CASE STUDIES FROM THE MALDIVES AND NEPAL research by Katrina Brown,R. Kerry Turner, Hala Hameed and Ian Bateman had said that Maldives and Nepal is a country which enrich with natural resources such as reefs, beaches, and mountains especially the most highest mountain in the world Everest are attract many tourists to there. The amount of trekkers to Nepalese Himalaya grew by 25 percent per annum over the period 1985-1988. Furthermore, Maldives tourism visitors have increased from a total of less than 1000 per annum in 1972 to 178,000 in 1991. As we can see that the amount of tourist is increasing lead by globalization. It makes people able to move across to other countries. In analyzing the Maldives in 1991, total of tourists had increase to over 178,000 tourists. The annual rate is exceeds 30 percent for this period and this show that it stand at over 1.7 million. The total receipts are achieving 94 million in 19 91 if compare to 1981 is just 15 million. However for Nepal, the data said that is just only 6179 tourists in 1962 but it change to a huge amount in almost 300,000 in 1991. This can show that the attracting to Nepal is increasing rapidly and with majority tourists came for the nature. This can be see that the successfulness of the ecotourism such as mountain or jungle trekking, jungle safaris, river rafting or ethnic tourism in Nepal. Both study also show that more tourists were came toward their country by enjoying the nature environment. Research Hypothesis By referring to the literature reviews mentioned, we are able to form 2 hypotheses that measure the growth of tourism sector that accelerated the industrialization process. The first hypothesis model formed state that the contribution of tourism sector towards the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is influence by the foreign and domestic tourists and the number of projects approved by tourism department. Hence, the function below is formed:. GDP = f (tourists) However, the second hypothesis model formed state that the contribution of tourists towards the tourism is influence by the number of projects approved by tourism department. Hence, the function below is formed: Tourism = f (tourism department) Methodology There are a few methods which can be used in order to search and gather the information that we needed such as by gathering the information from the internet. But mostly all data are collected through the secondary data. Based on my title which focuses on the ecotourism, I am referring to the news article which published by The Star, beside we were gone through the government website to get the current news to get the tourism issues, activities, government gazette and also the government statistical data. Those articles that related with my topic in internet also can be using as reference especially those research paper done passed researcher. Furthermore we compare country between countries in tourism performance. Analysis http://www.tourism.gov.my/corporate/research.asp?page=facts_figures As we can see that the tourists arrival to Malaysia has increase year by year. We know that 1997 is happened Asian financial crisis the following is 2008-2009 global financial crises with epidemic of H1N1 together. However it does not give much impact on our tourism but further increase our percentage of tourists arrival. If we compare the amount of tourist in year 1998 with 5.5 million and 2009 with 23.6 million it is already 4.3 times than amount in 1998. http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/eco_tou_arr-economy-tourist-arrivalsint=-1 For the data show above which clearly stated that the ranking of Malaysia is in 19th in the world ranking. This can be proved that we still can develop it well to get higher rank in the list so that we can generate more income through tourism. Especially for the 10th Malaysia Plan is planning to improve the countrys position on the global tourism stage and become one of the top ten countries in the world in terms of tourism receipts by 2015. http://www.epu.gov.my/html/themes/epu/images/common/pdf/rmk/rmk2/rancangan%20malaysia%20kedua%20-%20chapter%2011.pdf http://www.epu.gov.my/html/themes/epu/images/common/pdf/buku%20rm%20ke%207%20-%20chapter%2016.pdf http://www.epu.gov.my/html/themes/epu/images/common/pdf/8th_msia_plan_c15_cont.pdf Based on the data above, we can see that during the period between 1960 until 1970, the employment is significant show that tourism is just contribute a little on economy only. For year 1965 is only contributed 287000 for employment (employment in hotel is 2700 in 1965), however for year 1970 it is slightly increase to become 340000 of employment (employment in hotel is reached 8000 in 1970) which contributed by the tourism. Furthermore, year 1975 tourism is only contributing 419000 employments. If we look seriously beginning from 1990, the employment is contribute a lot by the tourism in hotel industries, however hotel industries is just one of the part from the contribution of tourism, we can see clearly that it is quite potential in develop it. Based on the data show that the there is an increasing trend on employment which generate by the increasing in number of hotel, it can be show beginning from 1990 which is generated 39961 employments by 989 hotels, 1995 generated 67214 empl oyments by 1220 hotels, 2000 generated 78671 employments by 1492 hotels and for year 2005 it generated 79603 employments by 1541 hotels. The opportunities in employment contributed by tourism are determined to achieve 1217000 thereby contributing 11.6% of total employment in year 2007. And the contribution of the Travel Tourism economy to employment is 1,331,000 jobs in 2010 (Quarter 2). http://www.economywatch.com/world-industries/tourism/malaysia.html http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Malaysia.html http://www.scribd.com/doc/29692549/Impacts-of-Tourism-in-Malaysia http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cache:ai8aqxFRL2QJ:www.undp.org.my/uploads/UNDP_SME_Publication.pdf+graph+for+small+medium+industries+malaysiahl=engl=mypid=blsrcid=ADGEESixA75njhH_Yr4tgc4hpxAgfZYVgdeziqYg3nRtfCmVjUzHa1znOVM4b1Jpat-Y-LCTbLA5FNZKfD_5DHcCls8DAhtjBaunNOxuhyPF5VtvYCGztXMQhPJXCSZe7rFklzGswUg6sig=AHIEtbTsqG5MieCX3egU2hgFoAp-fKdayw http://books.google.com.my/books?id=C_8BctkNCBoCpg=PA38lpg=PA38dq=small+medium+industries+for+tourism+malaysiasource=blots=0-otW5zvRWsig=wnvDlXlKoKcGABqV-ebXpikkSzQhl=enei=BKuyTMKvI8WPcdiHheoCsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=5ved=0CCMQ6AEwBDgU#v=onepageq=small%20medium%20industries%20for%20tourism%20malaysiaf=false http://ww2.publicbank.com.my/cnt_review46.html Government action By the way it is needed for government action in supporting the tourism sector, without government implementation of policy or action in develop the tourism it is impossible for the tourism to growth itself. To attract more foreign tourists, government is need to create some policy to strengthening the tourism, furthermore it government spending is also important so that the project that government planning can be successful to achieve. There is some action by the government in above such as: 1. VISIT MALAYSIA YEAR 2007 Tourism industry of Malaysia. Retrieved on October 12,2010 from http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/2007/08/31/9636.html This year, Malaysias focus will be on the Visit Malaysia Year (VMY) 2007, was is aimed at aggressively promoting Malaysia, increasing 4 tourist arrivals, as well as encouraging domestic tourism among Malaysians. Coincidentally, 2007 is also the year of Malaysias 50th independence. As such, the Visit Malaysia Year campaign is a timely event to celebrate Malaysias golden jubilee. It is an occasion to rejoice and to share with the world the unique qualities and virtues that have shaped Malaysia to be the country that it is today. The VMY 2007 campaign is expected to raise the awareness of foreign tourists to enable them to plan their holidays in Malaysia. For VMY 2007, the country has set a target to attract 20.1 million tourists.Overall, there are over 240 events, of which, 50 being major events and 5 as international mega events. All these events are presented in `One Golden Celebration`. A celebration that brings Malaysia to the world, and the world to Malaysia. The first event of the year was the Visit Malaysia Year Grand Launch on 6 January by the Honourable Prime Minister of Malaysia in the presence 500 international media and trade representatives from all over the world. Highlight of the Grand Launch was the unveiling of the Eye on Malaysia, which is a 60-metre Ferris Wheel followed by the Flora Fest Parade, a spectacular display of floats dressed in all kinds of flowers found in Malaysia.The other mega events include the Malaysian International Aerospace Adventure, the International Fireworks Display, the Malaysian International Tattoo and the KL International Buskers Festival. 2. Malaysia My Second Home Programme Malaysia My Second Home Programme .Retrieved on October 12, 2010 from http://www.mm2h.gov.my/ Malaysia My Second Home Programme is promoted by the Government of Malaysia to allow foreigners who fulfill certain criteria, to stay in Malaysia for as long as possible on a multiple-entry social visit pass. The Social Visit Pass is initially for a period of ten (10) years, and is renewable. It is open to citizens of countries recognised by Malaysia, regardless of race, religion, gender or age. The programme allows applicants to bring with them their spouses, parents and children. Foreign spouses of Malaysians and expatriates who wish to retire in Malaysia after expiry of their Employment Passes are also eligible to apply to stay in Malaysia on this programme. Applicants are allowed to bring their spouses, unmarried children below the age of 21 and parents above the age of 60 as dependants. 3. One Malaysia-Endless Experience Tourism Malaysia launches One Malaysia-Endless Experience campaign in New Delhi. Retrieved on October 12, 2010 from http://blog.drngyenyen.com/?p=412 The campaign was launched by Dato Sri Dr Ng Yen Yen, Tourism Minister, Malaysia in New Delhi. The packages have been made available to Indian travellers travelling to Kuala Lumpur, and other tourism destinations in Malaysia from five major Indian cities Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Bengaluru and Hyderabad. The package is being offered by Tourism Malaysia in partnership with Malaysia Airlines and Malaysian hospitality partners. As per the package, Indian travellers can avail a four-day/three-night package tour to Kuala Lumpur for Rs 17,000, comprising return airfare and accommodation. The travellers can also travel beyond Kuala Lumpur to destinations like Langkawi, Penang, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching, etc. for Rs 19,500 from five Indian cities. Through this promotional drive Tourism Malaysia is expecting to further enhance the sale of these destinations and products across all travel segments from India including ones like G3A (Golden 3rd Age); SSS (Super Smart Shoppers) and FET (Family Enrichment Tourism). 4. FABULOUS FOOD 1MALAYSIA FOOD TRAIL 2009 Ministry of Tourism Launches Fabulous Food 1 Malaysia Food Trail 2009 Booklet- The Route To The Best Food in Malaysia. Retrieved on October 12, 2010 from http://www.tourismmalaysia.gov.my/corporate/mediacentre.asp?page=news_desknews_id=468 The main objective for the Ministry to produce the Fabulous Food 1Malaysia Food Trail 2009 booklet, a brainchild of YB Dato Dr. Sri Ng, to harness upon the attractions in the food sector and entrench them as outstanding products of Malaysias food tourism. The Fabulous Food 1Malaysia Food Trail 2009 booklet features 10 Best entries shortlisted out of the total 120 listings of restaurants, delicatessens and hawker stalls from the respective categories of the Nasi Lemak, Laksa and Meat Bone Tea. Among others, the listings were based on the quality of food, customer service and cleanliness. Since the launch of the website, over 25,658 fellow Malaysians and global foodies have joined the very tantalizing quest to investigate the rich diversity of Malaysian local food varieties frequented by patrons of all social levels who in turn recommended their findings in the website. 5. http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/10/24/budget2010/4968158sec=budget2010. October 12 Based on the news from The Star on Saturday October 24, 2009 reported that by the way of aggressive and innovative measures to attract FDI, our country government will spending RM899mil in 2010 for the tourism industry. The Main planned to be implemented is including attracting more tourists from Britain, Japan, South Korea, Middle East, India and China to participate in the Malaysia My Second Home programme. However, attraction will be successful by upgrading the quality of infrastructure in tourism centers throughout the country, this is the most important such as ecotourism development and upgrading homestay facilities; and ensuring front liners are locals. Recommendation Recommendation to better improve the tourism industry to known by others country and attraction foreign tourist to generate our GDP will be identified after the full research has been completed. The Ecotourism Development in Malaysia. Retrieved on October 12,2010 from http://www.apo-tokyo.org/gp/e_publi/gplinkeco/17chapter15.pdf There are such ways to improve Malaysia ecotourism. As we know, we have many ecotourism place included Wildlife Protection Act, the National Park Act, the National Forestry Act, the Fisheries Act and the State Park Enactment (Pahang). These protected areas are gazetted under the various federal and state. The Department of Wildlife and National Parks, the Forestry Department, the Fisheries Department and the various State Parks authorities have been responsible for managed these place. First ways is ours tourism and travel agencies should be more creative to promoted ecotourism to attract more foreign tourist because government give many incentives to them. Creative means travel agencies should provide more packages for student, family, group and others. These packages will attract more tourists to visit Malaysia also attract local tourist. Local tourist actually more demand than foreign tourist because local tourists want different experience in the place they visit. Travel and tours agency also should use internet reservation to get more people use their services. Next, government should provide more facilities in the ecotourism area and to go there. For example, access roads, jetties and some amenities. Every year government give budget to improve our transportation systems. For instance, government upgrading of Jalan Kuching-Sibu from Simpang Julau to Sibu Airport Interchange Phase I of the cost of RM176.5 million and the upgrading of Jalan Kuching-Sibu from Simpang Julau to Sibu Airport Interchange Phase II (RM10.3 million). Besides, governments have been providing funds to develop infrastructure facilities at various ecotourism destinations and RM 10 million was allocated between 1996 and 2000 to implement five ecotourism projects as pioneers The other ways is this effort from government must support by local people and private sector. So the implementation will be easy and more successfully. Private sector should provide some funds, services and technical consultancy to help Malaysias government to attract more tourists local and foreign. Local communities can contribute to the employment, protecting the environment and shows a good behaviour.

The Iran Hostage Crisis Essay -- Diplomacy

President Carter’s New Year’s 1979 toast to the Shah at a state dinner in Tehran, announcing that he was "an island of stability in one of the more troubled areas of the world†, set the tone of the stance the United States had with the Shah which indicated support. This led to the trigger of The Iran Hostage Crisis that lasted 444 days, in which Carter allowed an ally, the unpopular Shah to flee to the New York to receive medical care for his cancer and escaping the Iranian Revolution. On November 4th 1979 student demonstrators raided the US Embassy in Tehran, capturing 66 Americans, in which 13 women and minority hostages were let go almost immediately and 1 ill man shortly after. The dislike the Iranian people had for the United States began in the 1950’s, whereas the United States became allies with non-communist regimes, regardless of their country’s people support. 1953 marked the US’s decision to become an ally with the Shah, the leader of Iran. The United State’s tie with the Shah involved using Iran’s oil wealth for economic development, furthermore he purchased billions of dollars worth of weapons of security from the US. In 1979 the monarchy was overthrown by radical Islams that were supporters of Ayatollah Khomeini, a Shia Muslim religious scholar. The motive of the Iranian students was to demonstrate their rebellion against the Shah, in which their demand was the return of the Shah for trial then execution, additionally they asked that the US stay out of their country’s internal affairs. Carter’s approach imposed the protection of the American hostages but also ensuring the alliance with Iran, this had a negative response that affected him being reelected. Carter entered office in 1977, a crucial time of America’s... ...Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 1985. Print. Smith, Steve. Policy Preferences and Bureaucratic Position: The Case of the American Hostage Rescue Mission. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-) Vol. 61, No. 1 (Winter, 1984-1985), pp. 9-25 Published by: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the Royal Institute of International Affairs Article Stable URL: (JSTOR) Hollis, Martin and Smith, Steve. Roles and Reasons in Foreign Policy Decision Making. British Journal of Political Science. Vol. 16, No. 3 (Jul., 1986), pp. 269-286. Published by: Cambridge University Press. Article Stable URL: (JSTOR) Pbs. "WGBH American Experience . Jimmy Carter . The Iranian Hostage Crisis | PBS." PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. 1996. Web. 07 Apr. 2011. .

Nature Versus Human

The beauty of nature is spectacularly magnificent which represents the greatness of our Creator. It is still a question for us how nature originally exists. Biblically, the existence of nature was explained through the book of Genesis which stated that God created the heaven and Earth including all life forms for six days. The said explanation was the commonly known as the â€Å"Theory of Creation†. In contrast to this theory, scientists formulated different theories about the origin of the heavenly bodies that give focus on the Earth as the only living planet. Some scientists have conceived the meanderings of a single carbon atom, released in the unstable death throes of a star, traveling for an era across intergalactic space that land in a gas disk that eventually formed Earth which changed chemically. As a finale it is being put into a life series which serves as a guide to human hand to write about it. Human just like Earth is created by God according to His character. Adam, who was the first man, is created from ashes that were molded to make as he is. From getting a part from Adam’s ribs the first woman was created n the name of Eva. God gave authority to them to rule over all the living creatures. And until now that rule still applies in which we, human beings are still the ones that take over in this world. We, human beings are part of nature that God created and dominated. In the world of Science, it is so fascinating that oxygen appeared on Earth only about 500 million years ago, but life in a form of bacteria has been traced to 3.5 billion years deep. It means that very slowly primitive forms of life have the control over the atmospheric composition that changed for its own development, growth, and reproduction. That is how they amazingly took control of the atmospheric composition for their own survival. What about humans who are known as smart animals and their archaic idea about nature and human nature. Are they able to take control over both of them? Although it is entirely unbelievable that people are made from the ashes of cosmological death just to kill each other in the intergalactic space. Or, maybe, people are made to love and to be loved, to overtake a chain of life from one generation to the other, nurture and preserve life in all its diversity, heal the sufferings took into being by other people, understand the deep relationship of all aspects of life on this planet? Do we really have the right to conquer and dominate nature, space and each other? The human understanding of the universe is extremely limited. The human understanding of the human race and its main mission on the planet Earth is even more limited. In this essay I would like to discuss some aspects of the nature and human nature in their unity and interconnection from the personal responsibility point of view. For millions of years, humans survived in a predator-prey relationship with all species. Equilibrium exists on the Earth. As we lost visions of our origins, we began  Ã‚   starting to develop tools and ways of living that protect us from predators, the elements, and the insecurity of hunger. We elucidate away nature with mythology. We became arrogant, and established religious and state institutions that justified our behavior and helped us to live with the violence committed every day in the name of god, king, country, ego and sport. Humans stopped looking for answers to nature, and instead came up with answers that suited the moment. The origination of life on our planet is still remains a mystery. The mystery of how life exists still unfolds. It is a unity of everything alive in nature. Life is a metaphysical thing. Earth is a living body continually giving birth to a new life, spirit and compassion. Nature has its own life. Life is sustained through interactions among things either living or non-living which are part of nature. The beauty and power of nature is unique and for more appreciation, art is used to express the real beauty and power it possesses. Nature poetry is an art to freely state the things about the soleness of nature. It makes a way to keep us in touch with nature. The poem â€Å"A child said what is a grass?† by Walt Whitman is a poem about nature that expresses the mystery of nature. In this poem, from a simple question of the child, many hypothesized answers were provoked which were said to the child just to answer that only question. The poem expresses the experiences of a grass which explains the reality that there are new things arises and there are others that suddenly died. The poem â€Å"No boundaries† by Sin Barreras show the close relationship of man to nature. Man experiences for himself the never-ending wonders of nature which is done by running breathlessly through the forest and resting beneath the tall trees. Oscar Wilde’s â€Å"We are Made One with what We Touch and See† explains the equality of human beings to experience the incomparable nature’s magnificence in which all living creatures live. Indeed man has the dominion over all the things in this world according to what God said in the book of Genesis. Another poem in relation to nature is the poem by T. S. Eliot entitled â€Å"The Waste Land† in which the author describe a waste land a place that is lifeless or in other words a place with no any life forms. A waste land is a non productive one for there are no creatures that can able to survive. The heartfelt joy due to the splendor of nature is expressed in the poem by Bliss Carman’s â€Å"Earth Voices†. The author freely expresses gratitude for experience she had with nature’s awesome wonders. The fascinating beauty of nature is also expressed in the poem â€Å"Nature’s Calm† by Alcman. The unique beauty of nature is shown in Lacy Reese’s poem â€Å"My Mountain Top† which recognizes the interrelationship of biotic and abiotic components of nature. These components have different relationships, either mutuality or complexity. Human abuses the authority they have. Due to intellectual and physical capability, human beings have the over-all control on nature. Human possesses the ability to change nature. Human beings neglect the authority they take hold of to fulfill their needs for survival and luxuries as well. We as human beings having the dominion over all creatures in this world should know the extent of authority. The abuse in authority leads to big destruction of nature. And eventually, nature has its own way to teach us the result of what we humans have done. The calamities such as typhoons, landslide, floods and global warming that we are experiencing are the revenge of nature for the things we had done supported by Machiavelli’s thought that man is selfish in nature. In Wordsworth's poem the â€Å"The World is Too Much with us†, it show how nature had enough of the sufferings in the hands of humans. Nature indeed goes through sufferings when human start to become civilized. Since the first man was not civilized, nature that time is not highly disturbed. He does not think on how to increase production of food for he had not yet develop tools for cultivation. That time, man gets his own food by hunting and gathering. But as thousands of years passed by, there is an evolution that had taken place. The population starts to grow and that time, people become civilized Man had learned modified ways to survive such as cultivating crops and raising animals for their own food, make clothes for warmth and comfort, and shelter for a place to stay. Population of man increases which leads to population explosion. As more people are being born, there are more requirements to be satisfied. Modernization serves as the way to fulfill them and as a consequence, development of technologies arise which continually are becoming more advance. Such certain advanced technologies are then used that leads to the environment’s destruction besides from tropical cyclone and other calamities. Is the true role of man to destroy nature? The destruction of nature can possibly due to humans. Nature can be rude to us. The land slides and flashfloods are the returns that were given to us by nature in which more properties and lives had gone and wasted in an instant. It’s all in our outlook. We live in a competitive world. Plants and animals struggle to survive. Resources are limited that is why there is competition. As we humans struggle to live, there is something that is being sacrifice. That sacrifice is due to our unselfish act. As higher form of animals who had given the task to rule over all living creatures, the fate of nature is in us. We must take note that all our basic necessities are derived from the natural resources. From Francis Bacon's Novum Organum, â€Å"Nature to be commanded must be obeyed†. We humans must first respect and protect nature so that we can receive blessings from it. According to the Legal Maxim, â€Å"The greatest force is that of nature†. Nature has a great impact in our lives for this is where we live and get our needs. Nature is indeed powerful than us for we are part of nature wherein nature comes to know itself. The knowledge that we gain is used to interact with nature and to know what nature really is. We should try to bond with nature for the splendor of nature can give us joy and hope. According to Michael J. Cohen, Ed.D â€Å"If you are missing out on the natural joy and wisdom of life, it is because you have been taught to ignore it†¦.Reconnecting with nature consists of bringing into your consciousness a sensory way of thinking and relating with which you are born.†. Nature can give us happiness for its beauty that it has is really amazing. We should appreciate the things that we see around us and be thankful to have them. Material things cannot bring you true happiness but nature can. Let us obediently do our task us humans to protect nature for it is also one of our duties here on Earth. Let us make this world a better place to live. References: Carman, Bliss.Short Works of Bliss Carman and Richard Hovey Dunn, Sara. Poetry for the Earth Kray, Elizabeth. Walking Tour: Walt Whitman's SoHo Historic District in New York City Steffen, Alex. World Changing. A User's Guide for the 21st Century.   

House and Apartment: Similarities and Differences Essay

A home is a place that makes us feel secure and comfortable. So, it should be a place that is the most suitable place for us to rest after did many activities at the day. However, as the time goes by, there has been built an apartment which is has the same function as a house, that is a place to live in. Unlike a house, an apartment usually located at the center of city which is give an extra benefit for business utility. â€Å"Your apartment is your home, and you should be able to enjoy it to the fullest† (Ron Leshnower, 2010). Nonetheless, some people think that living in house would give the maximum comfortibility. There are 2 similarities between a house and an apartment. First of all, both of them would make you spend the same living cost. When you decide to live with luxurious life style, wherever you live, you would stay to live with that kind of habit. Second of all, whether it is a house or an apartment, it has a big role as a place to live in. In the other hand, there are 3 differences between living in a house and apartment. Firstly, living in a house would spend more money rather than an apartment. If you think that someday you would buy a house, first thing that you need to purchase is a land. A land is primary requirement to build a house. Thus, it should be really expensive especially if it is close by the city. And next, you need to buy the raw materials and hire someone to build a house. However, if you decide to buy an apartment, all you need to do is be ready for the money. â€Å"It is cheaper then living in a traditional house and paying different kinds of fees I am not familiar with.† (IELTS Essay Task 2: Apartment Or House, paragraph 2, http://www.goodatesl.com/ielts/writing-ielts/ielts-writing-task-2/ielts-essay-task-2-apartment-or-house.html, 2010). Secondly, living in apartment would give you feel secure and that is real. â€Å"Most apartment buildings offer 24 hour security and security cameras throughout the facility to ensure that tenants do not have to worry about their persons or property being victims of terrorism or theft† (Apartment Living in Jakarta, paragraph 7, http://www.expat.or.id/info/apartmentlivinginjakarta.html). Compare with a house, you need to make sure you lock all doors and windows before you go to sleep and check everything before you go to somewhere. Thirdly, living in a house would never give you a full satisfaction. For example, if you want more, you need to spend more.

Updating Cookies in JavaScript

Updating Cookies in JavaScript Actually updating a cookie is slightly different from just replacing a cookie in that the new value we want to place in the cookie is dependent in some way on whether the cookie already exists and if so on what it contains. This means that we need to read the existing cookie before we can write a replacement for it. One thing to note is that when we read a cookie we have no way of telling when the existing cookie is due to expire or whether the cookie is restricted to a specific folder or available across the entire domain. You need to set a new retention period when you replace the cookie and need to keep track of what scope you want the cookie to have within your pages so as to apply the same domain or path option each time. The only thing that you are actually able to read when updating rather than just replacing a cookie is the actual value of the data stored in the cookie. In this example, we are going to use a cookie named accesscount to count the number of times that our visitor has accessed our page where no more than seven days has elapsed between visits. Should more than seven days elapse between visits then the cookie will expire and the next visit will restart counting from zero. We are using the allCookies() and writeCookie() functions from the prior examples so the only piece of new code we need in order to actually do the update is in the last two lines. var cookie;allCookies function() {var cr, ck, cv;cr []; if (document.cookie ! ) {ck document.cookie.split(; );for (var ick.length - 1; i 0; i) {cv ck.split();cr[ck[0]]ck[1];}}return cr;};writeCookie function(cname, cvalue, days,opt) {var dt, expires, option;if (days) {dt new Date();dt.setTime(dt.getTime()(days*24*60*60*1000));expires ; expiresdt.toGMTString();} else expires ;if (opt) {if (/ substr(opt,0,1)) option ; pathopt;else option ; domainopt;} else option ;document.cookie cnamecvalueexpiresoption;}cookie allCookies();if (cookie.accesscount ! null) writeCookie(mycookie, cookie.accesscount 1,7);else writeCookie(mycookie, 1,7);

Average SAT Scores What They Are and What They Mean

Average SAT Scores What They Are and What They Mean SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips When they first start tutoring, almost all students ask the same question: what is the average SAT score? The answer varies a bit every year, but for students in the class of 2013, the average SAT score was a 1497. I’ve created a chart by section below. Critical Reading Math Writing 497 513 487 However, the nationwide average doesn’t actuallymatter! What’s actually important is how your score compares to those of the other students applying to the same colleges and scholarships as you. You’ll need a much higher score to apply to very selective schools like Stanford or Princeton,buta 1500 is a totally acceptable score if you want to apply to smaller campuses of big state school systems. Let’s look at what an average SAT score really means and how it affects you. The National Average Doesn’t Matter - Really! Almosttwo million students take the SAT every year, and they go onto all kinds of different schools,fromIvy League universitiesto local community colleges. The national average includes all of these students'scores. But you're not competing against every single high schooler in the same year as you; you’re only competing against the students who are interested in the same schools and programs as you are. Theimportant thing is to have a score the same as or higher than the average among that group, and whether that average is above or below the national onewill depend entirely on the type of schools you’re interested in. How You Stack Up AgainstYour Peers We've established that the national average doesn't really mean much, but maybe you still want to know how you compare to other students in a general sense. In that case, you might want to look athow your SAT scores compare to those of other students like you, i.e. those with similar grades and backgrounds. To get a sense of how you fit in the range, you can look up at the average SAT score for students at your high school or for those with similar GPAs. Keep in mind, though, that when it comes to college applications, these numbers arealmost as irrelevant as the national one. Adorable dogs duking it out over SAT scores. Average SAT Score for Your High School To find the average SAT score for your school, you can try checking with counseling office ofsearching for â€Å"[your school] SAT scores† on the web. The second approach is more likely to work if you live in an area with high SAT adoption. If you live in an ACT mandatory state, it’s probably easier to find your school's ACT scores and convert them to SAT scores. However, remember that most colleges don’t compare you against your classmates. Though this information can be interesting it shouldn’t be a source of stress. Average SAT Score for High Achievers The average SAT scores for honors students are generally muchhigher than those for all US high schoolers. If you’re a top â…“ honor student, the average SAT score is 1810. If you’re a top 1/10 honor student, the average is 2000. If you’re not scoring that highly, don’t panic. Your personal score goal will still depend on the schools you want to apply to, and plentyof great schools admit mostly students withscores below 2000. The Key Number: The Average SAT Score for Your First-Choice College Ultimately, your SAT score is a tool to help you get into college, so what you really need to know is the average ACT score for students admitted to the school you want to attend. Generally speaking, very selective schools generally have average SAT around 2200, moderately selective schools have an average SAT score around 1800, and less selective schools have an average SAT score around 1550. However, you should look up the specific SAT score range for each school you're planning to apply to. To find this information, check the college’s admissions page or search forâ€Å"[college name] SAT score.† The schools usually list a range from the 25th to 75th percentile - you’ll want to shoot for the higher end of the range. Use the worksheet on this page to calculate your exact target score based on all the schools you’re interested in. What's Next? If you haven't reached your score goal just yet, consider checking out some of our SAT prep resources. You can start with the 5 general strategies you must know and then break yourprep down by section with our ultimate guides to reading, writing, and math (coming soon). Or perhaps you'd fare better with the ACT? Usethese guides to decide whether you might prefer to focus on the ACT: the ACT vs. the current SAT and the ACT vs. the new SAT. But what ifyou're already scoring well on the SAT, but are struggling with a low GPA? This guide can help. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Alex Heimbach About the Author Alex is an experienced tutor and writer. Over the past five years, she has worked with almost a hundred students and written about pop culture for a wide range of publications. She graduated with honors from University of Chicago, receiving a BA in English and Anthropology, and then went on to earn an MA at NYU in Cultural Reporting and Criticism. In high school, she was a National Merit Scholar, took 12 AP tests and scored 99 percentile scores on the SAT and ACT. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Ask below and we'll reply! Search the Blog Search jQuery(function(){ var $ = jQuery; var url = 'http://google.com/search?q=site:' + location.protocol + '//' + location.hostname + ' '; var $searchModule = $('.hs-search-module.083b9548-8ad3-4b82-8349-0105ef2b30fb'); var $input = $searchModule.find('input'); var $button = $searchModule.find('.hs-button.primary'); if (false) { $input.val(decodeURIComponent(location.pathname.split('/').join(' ').split('.').join(' ').split('-').join(' ').split('_').join(''))); } $button.click(function(){ var newUrl = url + $input.val(); var win = window.open(newUrl, '_blank'); if (win) { //Browser has allowed it to be opened win.focus(); } else { //Browser has blocked it location.href = newUrl; } }); $input.keypress(function(e){ if (e.keyCode !== 13) return; e.preventDefault(); $button.click(); }); }); Improve With Our Famous Guides SATPrep ACTPrep For All Students The 5 Strategies You Must Be Using to Improve 160+ SAT Points How to Get a Perfect 1600, by a Perfect Scorer Series: How to Get 800 on Each SAT Section: Score 800 on SAT Math Score 800 on SAT Reading Score 800 on SAT Writing Series: How to Get to 600 on Each SAT Section: Score 600 on SAT Math Score 600 on SAT Reading Score 600 on SAT Writing Free Complete Official SAT Practice Tests What SAT Target Score Should You Be Aiming For? 15 Strategies to Improve Your SAT Essay The 5 Strategies You Must Be Using to Improve 4+ ACT Points How to Get a Perfect 36 ACT, by a Perfect Scorer Series: How to Get 36 on Each ACT Section: 36 on ACT English 36 on ACT Math 36 on ACT Reading 36 on ACT Science Series: How to Get to 24 on Each ACT Section: 24 on ACT English 24 on ACT Math 24 on ACT Reading 24 on ACT Science What ACT target score should you be aiming for? 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Business Proposal Outline Essay Example for Free

Business Proposal Outline Essay This is a summary that can answer the question: what kind or type of business am I in? You must be able to answer this with a one sentence answer that summarizes everything you’ll do. You’ll use this as a tag line when meeting business people as you market your business or as an introductorily statement presented to a lender. Structure Define your business as a Sole Proprietorship, Partnership, C Corporation, S Corporation or Limited Liability Corporation. To accomplish this will require the skills and expense of a good attorney specializing in small business. You’ll need bios and resumes on your principal team players, including details of their experience, education, noteworthy achievements and why you’ll think they will be an asset. Employees How many and how will you hire them? What qualifications are you looking for? Will you outsource? What about compensations, benefits, workman’s comp insurance or health plans? Finances & Accounting In house or subcontracted? Computerized? What software will you need? You’ll need a proforma profit and loss statement with income and profit projections forecasted out three years. What kind of a balance sheet method will you use? You’ll need three-year projections of assets and cash-flow. Will you outsource for expertise in this area? Who can you hire and who can recommend reliable professionals? How much will a qualified CPA cost you a year? What services will he/she provide? Technology What are your needs? How will you use your equipment and in what aspects of your business? What file databases are you going to maintain? How much power do you need to maintain these? Can you option for online vendors or do you have to install an in-house system,? What about IT? Outsourced or hired? What is you budget for upgrades of equipment and software? Will you be doing graphics and promotional materials design in-house or outsourced? What about spyware, malware and virus protections? More Than An Afterthought Writing a business plan that is comprehensive will require a lot of work and thought. But once it’s done, you’ll have a tool that can breathe and grow as your business grows. A successful business plan template will be divided into sections allowing the reader an easy interpretation of what your goals are and how you plan to achieve them. It should include the following: †¢Cover Sheet. Includes the name of the new business and the principals involved. †¢Table of Contents. Easily divides the plan into different sections and allows for easy navigating. †¢Executive Summary and Mission Statement. Introduces the business idea, summarizes the ideas and goals and what you intend to accomplish. †¢Start-Up Costs and Operations. Lists all the details of the items and costs required to get started as well as the operating costs once the business has opened its doors. This includes all expenses such as rent, supplies, administration, equipment and employees. †¢Marketing Plan. Your strategy for advertising and other methods of gaining clients. †¢Revenue Projection. Your financial forecast over a period of several years. †¢Appendix. Business Proposal Outline. (2016, Dec 09).

Mobile computing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mobile computing - Research Paper Example In the present day world, the requirement of being interconnected even while being mobile has become a daily necessity. Majority of the underlying objectives of the prevailing businesses can only be achieved through use of wireless networks Businesses require a fast, in-time communication system for succeeding. Communicational delays could result in clients’ dissatisfaction, lost opportunities due to in-time decision making requirements, huge financial losses and sales reductions. The healthcare organization require internetworked machinery, internetworked data storage and reporting, interdepartmental alerts and messages, online access to patients past history at point of care i.e. in operation theaters, etc., access to medicine library in order to be aware of possible side-affects contradicting with patients medical history before giving out prescriptions, keep updated research repositories (Jessop, 2011). Mobile computing offers a solution to all areas of human computer inte raction that requires instantaneous access or retrieval of data through use of Internet (global networked environment) or Intranet (local networked environment) at possibly everywhere worldwide or within an organization. 2. What is Mobile Computing? Mobile computing refers to the computing environment that is created as a result of the joint collaboration of cellular technology, portable and smart devices, wireless Local Area Networks (LANs) and satellite services providing universal access to information round the clock. Unlike the traditional mode of access to Internet or Intranet through a fixed point of access, mobile computing enables mobility to users i.e. the users need not be connected to fixed network positions in order to acquire or communicate information. Rather the task can be carried out even while the user is entitled to unrestricted mobility (Imielinski & Korth, 1996). In some cases the data would be stored on public or proprietary servers to be retrieved through mob ile computers e.g. through Internet, while in other cases the mobile devices may provide data themselves e.g. through smartphones and cards (Bernard & Miller, 2011). 3. Essentials for Mobile Computing In order for achieving a mobile computing environment, there are some basic configuration requirements (Zimmerman, 2009). 3.1. High Portability and Computation One of the essential requirements for mobile computing is the need that the devices used in the environment are light weight and small enough to ensure portability (Forman & Zahorjan, 1994). Instead of big heavy mobile devices, small, lightweight units, offering to be used as high computational devices are better alternatives. 3.2. Low Power Consumption Besides the requirements of fast, lightweight computing devices (laptops, mobile phones, tablets, etc.) there is an additional requirement of the devices to be low on power consumption in order to survive in the mobile computing environment (Forman & Zahorjan, 1994). This has bec ome a rather standardized requirement in the mobile computing world. 3.3. Internet Connectivity Another basic requirement for mobile computing is having a connection to the Internet. Whenever the device is required to have an Internet access, the mobile computing device must have at least a built-in wireless network adapter, also called as WiFi card for accessing the Internet. 3.4. Durability Another requirement of devices to survive the mobile computing environment is the fact that the devices must be operable in highly varying scenarios as mobile computing is supposed to be done anywhere and everywhere. An example is Panasonics ToughBook which was designed to survive the most

Glaucoma research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Glaucoma research - Essay Example 24 consecutive patients presenting, over seven years, to the emergency department of a tertiary eye hospital in Melbourne, Australia, to identify incident cases of DSCH following glaucoma surgery. Clinical parameters of interest included: indication for glaucoma surgery, clinical risk and prognostic factors, and clinical outcomes. Once cases were identified, controls were selected randomly and matched for type of surgery, age, sex, and interval of time since the initial surgery. Pearson’s chi-square analysis was used to compare cases and controls. Results: There were 24 cases, for a seven-year incidence of DSCH of 1% in patients after glaucoma surgery. The average duration of time from glaucoma surgery to DSCH was 2.88 days. DSCH was most common with glaucoma drainage implants (15.4% 7-year incidence). Significant risk factors included systemic hypertension (OR 5; 95 CI 1.41-17.7; p-value 0.02), diabetes mellitus (4.23; 1.08-16.6; 0.03), ischemic heart disease (5.92; 1.35-26.1; 0.008), chronic obstructive airways disease (8.33; 2.09-33.2; 0.01) and anticoagulant use (13.8; 1.51-125.8; 0.002). Preoperative intraocular pressure (p=0.56), myopia (3.22; 0.88-11.8; 0.09) and hyperlipidemia (1.9; 0.50-7.16; 0.29) were not significant risk factors for DSCH. Visual outcomes of DSCH patients were poorer than controls, with 17 of 24 cases (71%), but only 8 of 24 controls (33%) worse, relative to pre-operative VA, when reassessed at follow-up (p = 0.004). Conclusions: DSCH is a relatively common and potentially serious complication of glaucoma surgery. Patients with known clinical risk factors should be warned of risk of DSCH and should be handled with care. Surgery is the main stay of treatment for those cases of open angle glaucoma uncontrolled by medical treatment. The most widely practiced operation is a trabeculectomy. In recent years a number of alternative non-penetrating glaucoma drainage operations have been developed such as deep sclerectomy and

The strategies( taxation) used to reduce tobacco related harms Essay

The strategies( taxation) used to reduce tobacco related harms - Essay Example The rationale for increased taxation of tobacco products is that higher taxes will translate into high prices for tobacco products. Proponents of this strategy opine that when tobacco products have higher prices, the demand is likely to decrease. Many countries have implemented this strategy as one of the efforts of addressing increase tobacco consumption (Cowie, Glover, & Gentles, 2014). Worth noting is the fact that tobacco consumption contributes to a remarkable percentage of deaths. For this reason, it is important to evaluate the efficiency of the taxation strategy for reducing tobacco consumption. This paper will evaluate the efficiency of the taxation strategies on tobacco consumption, relying on evidence-based research. There is evidence that taxation strategies do not contribute to a significant reduction of tobacco smoking, as this paper will highlight. As highlighted above, the rationale for increasing taxation on tobacco products is based on the fact that tobacco consumption is proving to be one of the most critical public health threats in the twenty-first century. According to future projections, the globe will register 1.6 billion smokers if effective strategies for reducing smoking are not implemented. Many countries have recognized the tobacco epidemic and are putting in measures in an effort to reduce the prevalence of tobacco consumption (Gigliotti, Figueiredo, Madruga, Marques, Pinsky, Caetano, & Laranjeira, 2014). As mentioned previously, increasing tobacco taxes is viewed as one of the best strategies that can register positive results in reducing the prevalence of tobacco consumption. The World Bank has supported the initiative of introducing increased taxes on tobacco products. Proponents of this strategy believe that it can register positive outcomes in various populations. Governments that have implemented this stra tegy also achieve associated revenue goals through

Topic will be on a compiler from a list of programming languages Essay

Topic will be on a compiler from a list of programming languages - Essay Example This first Fortran compiler was known as an optimizing compiler, producing assembly code that was similar to hand-coded assembly language programs, but accomplishing the same tasks in less programming statements by a factor of 20. This fact led to the acceptance of the new system of creating code automatically. A Fortran compiler is a program that takes a Fortran program (the source code) and translates it into a lower-level language such as assembly language (the object code), which the computer can execute. This process usually takes three different steps, called passes. They include: lexical analysis, syntax analysis, and code generation, resulting in the binary code of 1‘s and 0‘s that a machine can execute. Currently, other common compiler operations include: preprocessing; parsing; semantic analysis; and code optimization. Which of these operations does a Fortran compiler utilize? The first Fortran compiler was created to work on the IBM 704. The compiler was called a "translator or executive routine". This first Fortran compiler was very simple, since it only had to handle the first, simple version of Fortran. The first Fortran language consisted of only 33 types of possible statements; these included: arithmetic statements and mathematical function statements; input and output statements such as READ and PRINT; the DIMENSION statement for creating matrices; the IF conditional statement; and control statements such as the GO TO and the DO loop statement. The first Fortran compiler (or translator, as then called) consisted of six parts or sections. The first section read in and classified statements, compiling any arithmetic statements. Input-output statements are partially compiled at this stage. Any compiled statements were stored in the COMPAIL file. Any remaining information is stored in tables. The second section compiled indexing statements, such as from the DO statement; these compilations were stored in the COMPDO file. The third

How EU policy affects the European Automotive Industry Essay

How EU policy affects the European Automotive Industry - Essay Example However, during the last five years, there has been a slowdown in economic output across the EU, and, while the forecasts are positive, modest growth of 2.0%-2.3% is expected in 2004. Weak growth has led to reduced consumer and business confidence. Industrial production has decreased, including the production of durable consumer goods. Levels of private consumption have fluctuated during early 2003, following modest growth in the previous two years. This is partly due to poor labor market conditions, with EU unemployment rising during 2003. Economic indicators are weak in some major EU economies such as Germany, France, Italy and Spain. Only the United Kingdom (UK) has managed to resist these trends (Trends and drivers). This has greatly affected the car industry, given the car's status as the ultimate consumer and fashion item, as well as the importance of engineering and design in the manufacturing process. Average profit margins have declined from around 10% in the 1960s to less t han 5% today, and some volume car makers are actually losing money (EMCC dossier). Despite increasing competition worldwide, European automotive has maintained a strong position in exports and global sales. The strong bond between Europe's vehicle manufacturers and the sophisticated customer base in the largest car market in the world constitutes a prominent competitive advantage, while the notable presence of European producers in emerging markets, such as China and the Russian Federation, offers a potential for future growth and profits (info-crono-archivio). Furthermore, EU enlargement created new opportunities for the European automotive industry. The combination of expertise, affordable labor and the proximity to the large European markets has led to the emergence of a very dynamic cluster in the new Member States - especially Poland, the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic and Hungary (info-crono-archivio).Despite these advantages, many challenges remain: the EU automotive industry lags behind the US and Japan in terms of productivity. Labor productivity in the EU-15 is 25 per cent lower than in the US and 30 per cent lower than in Japan; labor costs per hour worked in the EU-15 are comparable to those in the US, but more than ten per cent above those in Japan and almost three times as high as in Korea (data for 2001, converted using purchasing power parities). Annual working time in the automotive industry in EU-15 is more than 20 per cent shorter than in the US (in 2001); there are major technological challenges ahead, most prominently the fuel cell (info-crono-archivio). Influences of EU policies European legislation is one of the main drivers of the European automotive industry. Emissions and recycling legislation have a strong impact both on vehicle technologies and construction (Trends and drivers). EC, industry and consumer concerns for environmental sustainability, road safety and mobility have led to a number of significant technological developments. These have both positive and negative effects on profitability. For example, a limited number of specialist high technology suppliers might prosper while vehicle makers see their already narrow profit margins cut even further. Such a development would make vehicle makers vulnerable to further consolidation and restrict