A Lost Lady – Essay

Set In Sweet Water, In the western plains, where Captain Forrester could comfortably transport â€Å"friends from Omaha or Denver over from the station in his democrat wagon† (5) to his stately home, a story unfolds that pits two worlds against each other–that of an Ideal past and that of the grim present. The narrator assumes the perspective of a third person omniscient, able to provide Insight Into characters' thoughts and motivations, and centers the novel on Marina Forrester and the men who surround her.Yet what seems to Interest Catcher irately in this work is the conflict between two generations of pioneer men in the West and resulting redefinition of manhood during the lamina period between the late 1 9th and early 20th centuries. Largely, Nile Herbert fascination with Marina Forrester and the men whom she attracts drives the novel, for Nile observes Marina through the years–with an interest that mirrors that of Wintergreen in Henry Sesame's Daisy Miller. Despite their age difference (he is 12 years old when he first meets Mrs..Forrester), Nile becomes enthralled with Marina as an image of Victorian mysticism during his youth. She becomes an â€Å"angel of the house,† happily greeting visitors in a disheveled dressing gown, with her hair partially coiffed, or toting baskets of freshly baked cookies to the neighborhood boys playing near the stream on the Forrester grounds. While Nile is still a boy, the Captain assumes the role of a great protector who chooses not to drain his fields for more productive land, but rather magnanimously allows the creek to run through his pasture, because he can afford to and because he admires the beauty of the place.This landscape becomes hemolytic, for when the Captain becomes ill and eventually dies, many changes take place at the homestead. For Catcher, the noble pioneer embodied by the Captain, who appreciates nature and values its beauty, finds replacement in the selfish modern man of Ivy P eters, who sees nature only In terms of resources waiting to be stripped and profits to be made. When Captain Forester's health weakens, Ivy Peters moves onto Forester's land and starts to assume his role as the dominant male In the household, replacing the grand, strong figure of the older railroad man.Ivy makes the session to drain the Forrester' meadowland, Instead planting wheat that will then be harvested and cut down. Catcher writes: â€Å"All the way from Missouri to the mountains this generation of shrewd, young men, trained to petty economies by hard times, would do exactly what Peters had done when he drained the Forrester marsh† (90). Here, Ivy acts as a symbol of a new generation of ruthless â€Å"shrewd young men† who ravage the landscape and strip the feminizes earth of her resources.Yet Ivy will not only dominate the land; the beautiful woman, like the beautiful land, also Decodes a target AT exploration. Marlin Forrester Decodes Immediately Keenan to a bird when Nile returns after being away for two years from the Forrester and the town in which they live. When Nile first greets Marina, he does so by clasping her in his arms while she lay on a hammock, â€Å"like a bird caught in a net† (92).This image of a bird becomes instrumental in Marina's relationship to Ivy; if Marina is the bird, then is the cruel male who will mutilate her and show her his dominance increasingly. That Catcher would use this image of a bird in reference to Marina, after roving her reader with a dramatic scene of cruelty and abuse when Peters uses a tool from a taxidermy kit to slice the eyes of a female woodpecker he has captured in his hands, while calling her â€Å"Miss Female,† stands as something more than coincidence.When the reader examines Ivy's treatment of Mrs.. Forrester, one sees that she becomes more and more dependent on him and therefore must tolerate his disrespectful behavior. â€Å"Poison Ivy† will become the scourge t hat ravages the â€Å"forest† found in Marina Forrest(ere), subtly spreading and taking over her land. A casting image of Marina emerges from the story she tells about how she and Captain Forrester became married.When Marina describes the scene in which she, crippled with two broken legs, is carried out of the ravine by men who took alternate turns in bearing her weight, an image of Captain Forrester holding the broken body of his wife reveals the Captain's comfort in taking care of a dependent woman. Marina's dependence does not threaten the Captain but draws them together. Marina submits to Captain Forrester and trusts that he will take care of her, for he represents the idealized image of masculinity that countered the Victorian â€Å"angel of the house† as the strong, dominant provider.After her husband's death, which leaves her disoriented like the blinded bird, without the Captain to carry her or give her a strong sense of noble masculinity from which to contrast herself, she must redefine her feminine female subject position against a new kind of male. Just as the new, modern male will exploit land and women, so will Marina learn to use her beauty as a commodity, in order to gain financial security within an increasingly commercialism world of men.

My finger

Almost lost a finger When I was about 12 years old I loved to ride my Hard BMW bike around my neighborhood a lot with my friend nick. Nick and I used to fix our own bikes and learn how to do it all ourselves. We would work on our bikes all day every day and take them apart and put them back together, we got so good at riding and fixing our bikes we fixed are bikes anywhere at any time or at least I thought so. One day during the summer of freshman year nick and I went for a ride to the park down the street from y house to play soccer.After we played soccer at the park for a while we decided to go to nicks house to play video games and get something to drink. So as were riding back to nicks house my chin felt a little loose so I thought it was a good idea to try and fix it while I was riding. I put my in on my chain while riding the bike and my hand got stuck in the chain and I couldn't get it out and the only way to get my finger out was to peddle and get it out of the chain but once I peddled I felt this very sharp pain in my finger but didn't look till I got to my friend's house.Once I had finally looked at it, it took me a second to really realize my finger was Just barely hanging on by a small piece of skin. Nicks mom then did all she could and called my mom and said â€Å"you need to take Andrew to the emergency room†. My mom rushed over to nicks house and we went to the emergency room. After the x rays were taken of my finger they were able to stitch It back together and make sure I could still have feeling in my finger and that the bone healed well. My finger By Vanessa they were able to stitch it back together and make sure I could still have feeling in my

Marketing Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Marketing Report - Research Paper Example By the fifth year, the company should have gained 27,500 customers (5500 *11), resulting in a total of about 77,500 clients. 2. Gain a 15% market share in the STEM toy segment for CircuitTree by 2020. At the moment, Mega Brands has an 8% market share in the STEM category, while Lego has a 5% market share in the same category; this totals to 13% for the two leading brands. Other smaller brands have a total market share of 16%, meaning 71% of the market is still unexploited. A 15% market share means that Voltree will have 76,819 (0.15*512129) customers by 2020. This is closer to its target of a 77,500 customer base within 5 years. 3. Retain 50% of customers gained within the first five years of operation. Currently, CircuitTree is Voltree’s only product, yet STEM toys market data shows that parents between the ages of 25 and 34 perform multiple purchases every year. However, the probability of a parent buying more than one game is 0.5%, because half of them are likely to acquire other games in their next purchase. CircuitTree supports learning and entertainment in a sustainable and balanced manner. Technical and educational practitioners who understand the correlation between entertainment and learning developed the product after intensive research. The Core Product is what consumers pay for. In this case, entertainment and learning are combined into one product: a game that will improve children’s academic potential but still keep them animated. This element comprises the actual physical or virtual features of CircuitTree. The product is imaginative, inspiring, and incorporates high-quality design and styling. It also comes with latest software updates that support long-term usage. The branding, packaging and labeling aspects of CircuitTree are congruent with the company’s strategic objectives. For example, the packaging (both primary and secondary) is environmentally friendly while the labeling is explicit and multilingual to

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan - Essay Example The major purpose for Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan was to secure an advantageous position in Asia to get access to better trade connection and Gulf oil. During this period, Afghanistan was going through an internal struggle. The then monarch, King Zahir Shah was not successful in bridging the gap between the tribal class and the central government resulting in a huge chasm between the elite class and the local tribal leaders. In 1978, the Saur Revolution took place during which the Afghan Communist Party assassinated the country’s Prime Minister, and this event made the country even more vulnerable for foreign attacks due to the absence of a stable government. During the period that Soviet Union captured the land of Afghanistan, the former introduced different social and military policies that enraged the local population because of the oppressive strategies of the Soviets. They implemented land reforms that had adverse impact on the tribal leaders. The economic reforms that were initiated by the Soviets enhanced the gap between the rich and the poor as the condition of the latter worsened. As a result of these reforms, it was common scenario that various tribal groups demonstrated protests against the Soviets. In order to suppress these uprisings, the Soviets used extreme and ruthless measures like mass arrests, persecutions, and aerial bombardments. According to a November 2001 Amnesty International report, during the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan approximately one million people were died, and eight thousand people were executed after putting on trial between 1980 and 1988. Such extreme atrocities by the Soviets eventually erupted i nto strong resistance by the Mughal freedom fighers with support from the United States. Finally, in the year 1988, the then Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev capitulated and withdrew his troops from Afghanistan after calling the entire events as a â€Å"bleeding wound† (â€Å"The

HALLIBURTON, organizational problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

HALLIBURTON, organizational problems - Essay Example Success depended on its ability to deliver on what it charged and this had impressed the United States Military and its other clients. No one appeared to mind Halliburton overcharging if the work that it delivered could keep the troops happy when they were far from home. However, within the recent past allegations of unethical conduct, overcharging, kickbacks and political influence peddling have marred the image of this company which still wins awards for performance in its industry. This essay presents a discussion about the ethical and organizational problems that confront Halliburton Energy Services. Halliburton Energy Services is a multinational corporation with operations in 70 countries of the world (NationMaster.com, 2005, â€Å"Halliburton Energy Services†). The group provides technical products and services for oil and gas production and exploration. Revenues of Halliburton Energy Services were in excess of US$ 15 billion in 2007 and it employs nearly 51,000 people worldwide (Halliburton, 2007, pp. 2 – 5). In 2007, its revenue grew by 18 % year-over-year and about 50 % of the total revenue was from outside North America. More than 100 nationalities work with Halliburton Energy Services Inc with most of the employees working in their home countries. This firm has an old history and it began operations in 1919 when Mr. and Mrs. Erle P. Halliburton started the firm and found work cementing oil wells in Burkburnett, Texas. The company was later to move to Ardmore, Oklahoma and then to Duncan, Oklahoma before becoming listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1948. The major spheres of activities for Halliburton involve providing technical products and services for oil and gas exploration and production, handled by its Energy Services Group. However, Halliburton’s major subsidiary KBR, or Brown & Roots was a major construction company of refineries, oil fields, pipelines, and chemical plants (Briody,

Assessment Of My Leadership Styles Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assessment Of My Leadership Styles - Coursework Example Evidently, I am a worthwhile leader who has been helping my organization to grow. Such leadership styles have been attainable mainly because of my admirable leadership qualities such as confidence, cooperation, commitment, tolerance, creativity, accountability, and honesty. These are traits which if nurtured, can make me be a great leader in future. However, for me to achieve much, I need to undertake a lot of training on communication and critical thinking skills. These can be of great importance because they can enable me to develop effective interpersonal communication skills which are necessary for creating healthier interpersonal relations with everyone around me. Besides, it would make me be a model leader whose traits should be emulated. In conclusion, I would like to agree with the assertion that leadership is innate. However, everyone should go ahead to learn good leadership strategies and nurture them. Having known exactly what I want, I have become a conscious leader who i s very concerned about the welfare and prosperity of my workers. With democratic, laissez-faire and transactional leadership styles, I have a long way too. However, I need to acquire the necessary training that can help me to have a self-awareness, identify my weaknesses and make the necessary improvements. Even before filing the inventory, I knew that I am a transactional leader. Since I assumed power, I have been keen on the performance of my juniors. Anyone who demonstrates exemplary performance has been offered contingent rewards.

Reversing the Burden of Proof Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Reversing the Burden of Proof - Essay Example The International Covenant on Civil, Cultural and Political Rights (ICCPR) contains iron-clad guarantees to protect the rights of the accused facing trial for a crime. Articles 9, 14 and 15 spell out these rights in great detail - from the presumption of innocence to the right against self-incrimination to the right against double jeopardy and to the famous Miranda doctrine. Closer to home, under Article 6(2) of the European Convention on Human Rights, an accused enjoys a presumption of innocence. (Keane, 2006) At a time when human rights advocacy for the accused has been made unpopular by the rising rate of crime and thus, there is a greater risk of possible infringement of constitutional guarantees by overzealous constables, vigilance is imperative. '...the more serious the crime and the greater the public interest in securing convictions of the guilty, the more important do constitutional protections of the accused become. The starting point of any balancing inquiry where constitutional rights are concerned must be that the public interest in ensuring that innocent people are not convicted and subjected to ignominy and heavy sentences, massively outweighs the public interest in ensuring that a particular criminal is brought to book...Hence the presumption of innocence, which serves not only to protect a particular individual on trial, but to maintain public confidence in the enduring integrity and security of the legal system'. However, there are some statutes which attach a specific burden of proof on the defendant. As stated by Cooper (2003), "neither the courts nor the legislature have been slow to impose a legal burden of proof on a defendant in a criminal case." A concrete example of a statute where the shift of the burden of proof is present is the English law on libel. The onus is on the defendant to prove the truth of the statement or communication charged to be libelous. The prosecution enjoys a presumption that the statement is false. There is much agreement among legal scholars that English law is tilted in favor of the prosecution, and there is perhaps no case that has thrown English defamation laws under scrutiny and criticism as much as the McLibel case, or the case of Steel & Morris v United Kingdom (68416/01) [2005] E.M.L.R. 15 where the multi-billion dollar food chain won on account of English laws that shifts the burden on the defendants to prove that their claims were truthful. For coming up with a pamphlet entitled What's wrong with McDonald's: Everything they don't want you to know, the defendants were found guilty because they were not able to point-by-point prove the veracity of their allegations. It was a pyrrhic victory for McDonald's, and it led to the European Convention on Human Rights ruling that British laws on libel are antiquated and unfair to the defendants. In the law of evidence, however, it is rare that the burden of proof shifts completely to the defendant. He is merely required to prove an evidence of defense that refers to one particular element of the

Choose an issue impacting your High School, Community, Country, or the Essay

Choose an issue impacting your High School, Community, Country, or the World and why it is important to you - Essay Example to balance the act by â€Å"affirmative action programs to help blacks, women and other minorities to get better jobs and education," although no clear-cut public opinion is available on â€Å"racial preferences.† Although people have made real progress in eliminating racial discrimination from all walks of life yet we can see that employment opportunities are limited for blacks, housing problems are more severe for belonging to another nation and race. African-Americans of the same qualifications are offered 25 percent less salary than their white counterparts while holding the same high school certificates. Similarly, Latino men earn 37 cents less in a dollar than their white co-workers. Women are also a victim of racial discrimination; they earn just 76.2 percent of what men earn. Discrimination among women employees happens at work places, as African American, Native American and Latino women are offered less than white and Asian American women. Discrimination is happening at national level in all opportunities, which are offered to whites more than to blacks. Other than employment and housing, education is also affected. People commit hate crimes and racial profiling is going without interruption. It is very pathetic that in the time of grief when communities were struck by natural disasters like Hurricane Katrina, the African Americans were made to suffer more than white community people. The road to race based discrimination does not come to an end there. This pervasive color based discrimination was also noticed in relocation of Katrina victims. As per the tests made by the National Fair Housing Alliance, bias treatment was made in the matter of relocation, favoring white people to blacks. Discrimination is also made in rental transactions, as in about 6 out of 10 rental contracts occupants were not favored because of their color. It has been noticed by the Urban Institute in a study that African Americans and Hispanics are not preferred by mortgage lending

ExxonMobil Oil Essay Example for Free

ExxonMobil Oil Essay As far as my knowledge of anthropology is concerned ExxonMobil Oil must have great empathy for Gwichin, which I think they have but they are not showing it properly to Gwichin. Tundra is home town or village of Gwichin and they must be scared of such activities because they are unaware of the consequences of drilling and seismic exploration, etc. There is lack of communication between ExxonMobil and Gwichin and other personnel who hold the authority to give permission to drill or explore oil. Gwichin think that ExxonMobil oil does not bother for their rights, they have to do what they want to do independent of our satisfaction. Gwichin thinks that these people have already made their minds and they don not want to listen to us. ExxonMobil Oil must send delegations to Gwichin to hold negotiations with Gwichin and make them aware about the technology and modern ways of drilling and exploration. They must tell Gwichin that although these activities are harmful to environment to some extent but modern technology has reduced this harm to minimum. In fact positive changes after drilling and production of oil will be great as compared to the negative impacts and Gwichin must be made well aware by each of those positive impacts. ExxonMobil Oil must keep in mind that it would be very difficult for Gwichin to agree to their points very quickly because Gwichins are adapted to this type of environment for several years and any sudden change to their environment and change about which Gwichin does not know completely would not be welcomed very easily. ExxonMobil Oil must show empathy which they posses for Gwichin and for that they would have to strive very hard. Gwichin must also be told that, in petroleum activities such as drilling, exploration, etc foremost importance is given to environment, health and safety. It must be told that no waste is directly exposed to the environment which harmful for the environment without treating. Gwichin must be told that there will not be any disturbance directly to the environment for a very long time. At the time of commencing of any drilling or exploration activity there will be bit of problem but later hurdles will only be in the form of pipelines and small stations, which could be designed in such a way causing minimum or no harm to the environment or to the wildlife residing in the land of tundra. ExxonMobil Oil must emphasis on the benefits rather then adversities which Gwichin will enjoy after the exploration and production of oil. Gwichin must also be included in the advisory committee of development of this field for their satisfaction and performing the activity in better way from Gwichin point of view. Gwichin must be told that although there will be bit of change but that change is beneficial for these people in great number of ways. For example if drilling, exploration or other such activity takes place then this could be an easy source of income for the Gwichin as compared to old livelihood. ExxonMobil must be determined to compel these people and must remember that if there is a will there is always a way. ExxonMobil can also use personnel from other tribe which agreed to the drilling and exploration activity in their as part of their delegations. On the other hand Gwichin must also compromise. Gwichin must listen to their proposals, in fact Gwichin must also propose a plan because these people are better aware of the environment and they can point out subtleties which others will not even know and can also point out their better remedy. ExxonMobil Oil and Gwichin both must join their heads together to make such a plan which cause minimum damage to the environment, to tundra land, to the wildlife living there and finally to the Gwichins. REFERENCES 1. Anthropology by Robert Ranulph Marett

Feasibility Study Essay Example for Free

Feasibility Study Essay 1. 1 Tourism Profile Long Meadows is located in Mahabang Parang , Sta. Maria, Bulacan. Mahabang Parang is1. 0466 squared kilometer and as we saw the ranking of barangays in Sta. Maria we saw that Mahabang Parang is in the 19th place. First it was owned by Mrs. Luzviminda Aguirre. When Mrs. Luzviminda Aguirre past away, her husband Mr. Bonifacio Aguirre and their children Armine Aguirre Garcia and Jayson Adlai Aguirre manage the resort. Established in 1988, Long Meadows Country Resort started as a private Guest’s house and opened to the public as a resort. It is less than 30 minutes away from Balintawak toll Entry going to North It sits on a 3-hectare property, more than a hectare of which is properly developed. The resort features two (2) adult Pools, two (2) kiddie Pools, a private Pool with Villa, 17 air-conditioned rooms and open cottages, Bowling Center and Restaurant and Praderas Garden Pavillion The place exudes that rustic yet charming appeal of a countryside resort complete with quality service and facilities. Long Meadows Country Resort is also Affiliated with Bulacan Association of Resort Owners ( BARO ), Sta. Maria Business Association ( SMBA ) and Tourism Projects.. 1. 2 Geography Mahabang Parang is generally flat. The source of living here in Mahabang Parang are agriculture and sewing or tailoring. And also this is the best place to build a resort. CLIMATE Santa Maria has a climate â€Å"first type† which is defined as having two pronounced seasons: Dry from November to April and wet during the rest of the year. During the dry months, precipitation is less because of the prevailing easterly wind blow to produce rainfall in its leeward side. Santa Marias most perceptible months start from May and may have its maximum in August, which gradually decreases until December. During these most months, thunderstorms and rain showers causes precipitation in May and June while the rest is primarily due to the southeast monsoon that prevails on this particular part of the year. Others which occur in November and December are caused by tropical cyclones that pass through the area. Temperature The annual mean temperature in the area is 27. 7  °C. The warmest month is May with mean temperature of 29. 9 0 C while the coldest is January at 25. 2  °C. 1. 3Demographics Language As it is part of the Tagalog cultural sphere (katagalugan), Tagalog is the predominant language of Bulacan so in Mahabang Parang we used Tagalog. Population During the census year of 2010, there were 3,411 people residing in Mahabang Parang and grew to 3,628 in 2013. CHAPTER II: OBJECTIVE SETTING To rehabilitate Long Meadows Country Resort because we want this to be on the popular tourism spot located in Sta. Maria and to grow the economics of the town. Also to set up and develop new amenities of this resort and meet customer needs. To construct recreational resort to gain more guest. We construct new and relaxing amenities to provide relaxation and recreation to the guest. To rehabilitate recreation and leisure because we want to develop new amenities and meet customers need. Also to construct resort and gain more guest, visiting the resort. Having the marketing strategies to increase the sales of recreational activities and accommodation of the resort and to be as one of the competitors here in Bulacan. Lastly, to become â€Å"catchy† in terms of different new trending activities and known the resort through this. CHAPTER IV: FINANCIAL CONSIDERATION (Including 30% labor) Pool 2 Slide concrete stair 150,000 Wall Climbing 50ft. 120,000 Bowling Center 1,500,000 Gate 2 26,000 ______________ Total Amount:1,796,000 CHAPTER V: APPENDICES MAIN GATE ENTRANCE ONE OF THE COTTAGES POOL 1 PRIVATE POOL JACCUZI VACANT LOT FOR WALL CLIMBING POOL SLIDE POOL STAIR GATE 2 BOWLING CENTER INSIDE BOWLNG CENTER.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase in Plant Response to Drought

Alcohol Dehydrogenase in Plant Response to Drought 1. Introduction Plant growth and productivity is adversely affected by natures wrath in the form of various abiotic and biotic stress factors (e.g. salinity, low temperature, drought, and flooding heat, oxidative stress and heavy metal toxicity). All these stress factors are a menace for plants and prevent them from reaching their full genetic potential and limit the crop productivity worldwide. Abiotic stress is the principal cause of crop failure, decrease average yields for most major crops by more than 50% (Bray, 2000) and causes losses worth hundreds of million dollars each year. In fact these stresses, threaten the sustainability of agricultural industry (Shilpi, 2005). Environmental degradation and climate change have become severe global problems because of the explosive population increases and industrialization in developing countries. To solve this problem, one of the keys is plant biotechnology based on physiology of crop, plant biochemistry, genomics and transgenic technology. This is becoming more and more important for molecular breeding of crops that can tolerate droughts. For this technology, we need to understand plant responses to drought stress at the molecular level. For agricultural and environmental sustainability, it is important to breed or genetically engineer crops with improved stress tolerance. The identification of key genes and that gene can be used directly for engineering transgenic crops with improved drought tolerance. Although a number of candidate genes have been identified in recent years, only very few have been tested in functional assays for a beneficial effect on drought tolerance. In order to assess gene function directly in plant suffering from abiotic stress caused by the drought, proved to be useful. Analysing the functions of these genes is critical for understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing plant stress response and tolerance, ultimately leading to enhancement of stress tolerance in crops through genetic manipulation. In this study, this will be used for overexpression of genes as well as for induced gene silencing, by using GATEWAY technology. A comprehensive investigation of Adh and Pdc induction and the determination of ethanol production during stress treatments would provide valuable information on how ethanol involved in the response to limited water condition. 2. Literature review 2.1. What is stress? Stress in physical terms is defined as mechanical force per unit area applied to an object. In response to the applied stress, an object undergoes a change in the dimension. Biological term is difficult to define in the plant stress. A biological condition, which may be stress for one plant may be optimum for another plant. The most practical definition of a biological stress is an adverse force or a condition, which inhibits the normal functioning and well being of a biological system such as plants (Jones et al., 1989 ) 2.2. Stress signalling pathways The stress is first perceived by the receptors present on the membrane of the plant cells , the signal is then transduced downstream and this results in the generation of second messengers including calcium, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inositol phosphates. These second messengers, further modulate the intracellular calcium level. This Ca2+ level is sensed by calcium binding proteins, Ca2+ sensors. These sensory proteins then interact with their respective interacting partners often initiating a phosphorylation cascade and target the major stress responsive genes or the transcription factors controlling these genes. The products of these stress genes ultimately lead to plant adaptation and help the plant to survive the unfavourable conditions. Thus, plant responds to stresses as individual cells and synergistically as a whole organism. Stress induced changes in gene expression in turn may participate in the generation of hormones like ABA, salicylic acid and ethylene. The various stress responsive genes can be broadly categorized as early and late induced genes. Early genes are induced within minutes of stress signal perception and often express transiently. In contrast, most of the other genes, which are activated by stress more slowly, i.e. after hours of stress perception are included in the late induced category. These genes include the major stress responsive genes such as RD (responsive to dehydration)/ KIN (cold induced)/COR (cold responsive), which encodes and modulate the LEA-like proteins (late embryogenesis abundant), antioxidants, membrane stabilizing proteins and synthesis of osmoly tes. 2.3. Drought stress Among all abiotic stresses, drought is one of the most serious problems for sustainable agriculture worldwide. The adverse effect of drought stress is reductions in yield as reported in crops such as rice (Oryza sativa) (Brevedan and Egli, 2003), wheat (Triticum aestivum) (Cabuslay et al., 2002), soybean (Glycine max) (Kirigwi et al., 2004), and chickpea (Cicer aerietum) (Khanna-Chopra and Khanna-Chopra, 2004). The adaptive responses to drought must be coordinated at the molecular, cellular, and whole-plant levels. These conditions induce dehydration of plant cells, which may trigger physiological, biochemical and molecular responses against such stresses (Shinozaki and Yamaguchi, 1996). Water deficit is a complex of responses, which depends upon severity and duration of the stress, plant genotype, developmental stage, and environmental factors providing the stress. Yield losses due to drought are highly variable in nature depending on the stress timing, intensity, and duration. Although, different plant species have variable thresholds for stress tolerance, and some of them can successfully tolerate severe stresses and still complete their life cycles, most cultivated crop plant species are highly sensitive and either die or suffer from productivity loss after they are exposed to long periods of stress. It has been estimated that two-thirds of the yield potential of major crops are routinely lost due to unfavourable growing environments ( Shilpi, 2005 ). Plants have evolved a number of strategies to severe drought. These include escape strategies such as avoidance (flowering, deep rooting, enhanced water uptake efficiency, or reduced water loss) as well as tolerance mechanisms. Reduced shoot growth and increased root development could result in increased water absorption and reduced transpiration, thereby maintaining plant tissue water status. In addition to such avoidance mechanisms, plant responses to water shortages can involve changes in biochemical pathways and expression of genes encoding proteins that contribute to drought adaptation. The proteins could be enzymes involved in the synthesis of osmolytes, antioxidants, or hormones such as ABA and others. Such changes can bring about drought tolerance, whereby plants continue to function at the low water potentials caused by water deficit (Hall, 1993). A central response to water deficit is often increased synthesis of ABA, which in turn induces a range of developmental (avoidanc e) and physiological or biochemical (tolerance) mechanisms. There is an ongoing debate as to whether the exploitation of avoidance or tolerance mechanisms should be the focus of plant breeding programmes. However, it appears likely that the exploitation of tolerance mechanisms may be more promising for the stabilization of crop yield under severe drought conditions (Araus et al, 2002). An assortment of genes with diverse functions are induced or repressed by these drought stresses (Bartels and Sunkar, 2005; Yamaguchi and Shinozaki, 2005). Drought tolerance has been shown to be a highly complex trait, regulated expression of multiple genes that may be induced during drought stress and thus more difficult to control and engineer. Plant engineering strategies for abiotic stress tolerance rely on the expression of genes that are involved in signaling and regulatory pathways (Seki and Shinozaki, 2003) or genes that encode proteins conferring stress tolerance (Wang, 2004) or enzymes present in pathways leading to the synthesis of functional and structural metabolites. Current efforts to improve plant stress tolerance by genetic transformation have resulted in several important achievements; however, the genetically complex mechanisms of abiotic stress tolerance make the task extremely difficult. 2.3.1 Physiological and biochemical responses of drought Physiological and biochemical changes at the cellular level that are associated with drought stress include turgor loss, changes in membrane fluidity and composition, changes in solute concentration, and protein and protein-lipid interactions (Chaves et al,2003) . Other physiological effects of drought on plants are the reduction in vegetative growth, in particular shoot growth. Leaf growth is generally more sensitive than the root growth. Reduced leaf expansion is beneficial to plants under water deficit condition, as less leaf area is exposed resulting in reduced transpiration. Many mature plants, for example cotton subjected to drought respond by accelerating senescence and abscission of the older leaves. This process is also known as leaf area adjustment. Regarding root, the relative root growth may undergo enhancement, which facilitates the capacity of the root system to extract more water from deeper soil layers. Plant tissues can maintain turgor during drought by avoiding dehydration, tolerating dehydration or both (Kramer,1995). These forms of stress resistance are controlled by developmental and morphological traits such as root thickness, the ability of roots to penetrate compacted soil layers, and root depth and mass (Pathan, 2004). By contrast, adaptive traits, such as osmotic adjustment and dehydration tolerance, arise in response to water deficit . Reduction of photosynthetic activity, accumulation of organic acids and osmolytes, and changes in carbohydrate metabolism, are typical physiological and biochemical responses to stress. Synthesis of osmoprotectants, osmolytes or compatible solutes is one of the mechanisms of adaptation to water deficit. These molecules, which act as osmotic balancing agents, are accumulated in plant cells in response to drought stress and are subsequently degraded after stress relief (Tabaeizadeh ,1998). 2.3.2 Molecular responses Studies on the molecular responses to water deficit have identified multiple changes in gene expression. Functions for many of these genà ¨ products have been predicted from the deduced amino acid sequence of the genes. Genes expressed during stress are anticipated to promote cellular tolerance of dehydration through protective functions in the cytoplasm, alteration of cellular water potentia1 to promote water uptake, control of ion accumulation, and further regulation of gene expression. Expression of a gene during stress does not guarantee that a gene product promotes the ability of the plant to survive stress. The expression of some genes may result from injury or damage that occurred during stress. Other genes may be induced, but their expression does not alter stress tolerance. Yet others are required for stress tolerance and the accumulation of these gene products is an adaptive response. Complex regulatory and signaling processes, most of which are not understood, control the expression of genes during water deficit. In addition to induction by stress, the expression of water-deficit-associated genes is controlled with respect to tissue, organ, and developmental stage and may be expressed independently of the stress conditions. The regulation of specific processes will also depend upon the experimental conditions of stress application. Stress conditions that are applied in the laboratory may not accurately represent those that occur in the field. Frequently, laboratory stresses are rapid and severe, whereas stress in the field often develops over an extended period of time ( Radin, 1993). These differences must also be evaluated when studying the adaptive value of certain responses. The function of the gene products and the mechanisms of gene expression are intertwined, and both must be understood to fully comprehend the molecular response to water deficit. 2.4. Function of water-stress inducible genes Genes induced during water-stress conditions are thought to function not only in protecting cells from water deficit by the production of important metabolic proteins but also in the regulation of genes for signal transduction in the water-stress response . Thus, these gene products are classified into two groups. The first group includes proteins that probably function in stress tolerance: water channel proteins involved in the movement of water through membranes, the enzymes required for the biosynthesis of various osmoprotectants (sugars, Pro, and Gly-betaine), proteins that may protect macromolecules and membranes (LEA protein, osmotin, antifreeze protein, chaperon, and mRNA binding proteins), proteases for protein turn over (thiol proteases, Clp protease, and ubiquitin), the detoxification enzymes (glutathione S-transferase, soluble epoxide hydrolase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbate peroxidase). Some of the stress-inducible genes that encode proteins, such as a key enzyme for Pro biosynthesis, were over expressed in transgenic plants to produce a stress tolerant phenotype of the plants; this indicates that the gene products really function in stress tolerance ( Shinozaki ,1996 ). The second group contains protein factors involved in further regulation of signal transduction and gene expression that probably function in stress response: Most of the regulatory proteins are involved in signal transduction. Now it becomes more important to elucidate the role of these regulatory proteins for further understanding of plant responses to water deficit. Many transcription factor genes were stress inducible, and various transcriptional regulatory mechanisms may function in regulating drought, cold, or high salinity stress signal transduction pathways. These transcription factors could govern expression of stress-inducible genes either cooperatively or independently, and may constitute gene networks in Arabidopsis ( Pathan.2004 ), 2.5. Model plant for studying the drought tolerant Arabidopsis thaliana is a small weed in the mustard family. It has been a convenient for studies in classical genetics for over forty years ( Redei,1975). This flowering plant also has a genome size and genomic organization that recommend it for certain experiments in molecular genetics and it is coming to be widely used as a model organism in plant molecular genetics, development, physiology, and biochemistry. Arabidopsis thaliana provides an excellent experimental plant system for molecular genetics because of its remarkably small genome size and short life cycle. Arabidopsis thaliana, a genetic model plant, has been extensively used for unravelling the molecular basis of stress tolerance. Arabidopsis also proved to be extremely important for assessing functions for individual stress associated genes due to the availability of knock-out mutants and its amenability for genetic transformation. It has been collected or reported in many different regions and climates, ranging from high elevations in the tropics to the cold climate of northern Scandinavia and including locations in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and North America (Kirchheim,1981). Arabidopsis has the smallest known genome among the higher plants. The reasons for a small genome include little repetitive DNA and, in some cases, simpler gene families. Leutwiler et al. (1984) reported that the haploid genome from Arabidopsis (n = 5 chromosomes) contains only roughly 70,000 kilobase pairs (kb). The contrast of the Arabidopsis genome with that of other plants frequently used in molecular genetic work is striking: tobacco, for example, has a haploid nuclear genome of 1,600,000 kb; the pea haploid genome is 4,500,000 kb; and the wheat haploid genome is 5,900,000 kb . The significance of this small DNA content for molecular genetics is that a genomic library of Arabidopsis chromosomal fragments is easy to make, and simple and economical to screen. It is thus rapid and inexpensive to repeatedly screen Arabidopsis genomic libraries. In addition to its remarkably low content of nuclear DNA, Arabidopsis has a genomic organization that makes it uniquely suited to certain ty pes of molecular cloning experiments. All of the properties of the plant small, short generation time, high seed set, ease of growth, self- or cross-fertilization at willmake Arabidopsis a convenient subject for studies in classical genetics. 2.6. Drought related gene Alcohol dehydrogenase and pyruvate decarboxylase are enzyme whose activity has been observed in numerous higher plants including Arabidopsis, maize, pearl millet, sunflower, wheat, and pea (Gottlieb, 1982). In a number of plants, different ADH genes are expressed in various organs, at specific times during development, or in re-sponse to environmental signals. High levels of ADH activity are found in dry seeds and in anaerobically treated seeds (Freeling, 1973. Banuett-Bourrillon .1979), roots (Freeling .1973), and shoots (App, 1958). During periods of anaerobic stress, the enzyme is presumably required by plants for NADH metabolism, via reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol. With respect to secondary metabolites, ADH is involved in the inter conversion of volatile compounds such as aldehydes and alcohols (Bicsak et al., 1982; Molina et al., 1986; Longhurst et al., 1990). The ethanolic fermentation pathway branches off the main glycolytic pathway at pyruvate. In the first step, pyruvate is the substrate of pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC), yielding CO2 and acetaldehyde. Subsequently, acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol with the concomitant oxidation of NADH to NAD+ by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). Although PDC and ADH gene induction has been demonstrated, ethanol and acetaldehyde production as a result of stress treatment has only been reported for red pine (Pinus resinosa) and birch (Betula spp.) seedlings exposed to sulfur dioxide, water deficiency, freezing, and ozone(Kimmerer and Kozolowski. 1982). Many plants contain more than one ADH gene (Gottlieb, 1982 ), resulting in the expression of different ADH proteins (i.e. ADH isozymes, often designated ADH 1, ADH2, etc. ). The most extensive study of maize Adh genes, AdhI and Adh2, have been cloned and sequenced. The coding sequences of these genes are 82% homologous, interrupted by nine identically positioned introns that differ in sequence and length. The expression of the Arabidopsis Adh gene (Chang and Meyerowitz, 1986; Dolferus et al., 1990) has many features in common with maize Adhl gene (Walker et al., 1987). The two genes have comparable developmental expression pattens, and both have tissue-specific responses to hypoxic stress. In both maize and Arabidopsis, the gene is expressed in seeds, roots, and pollen grains, whereas green aerial plant parts are devoid of detectable levels of ADH activity. In both species, hypoxic induction of the gene occurs in cells of the root system (reviewed by Freeling and Bennett, 1985; Dolferus and Jacobs, 1991; Okimoto et al., 1980;). ADH is induced anaerobically in Arabidopsis (Dolferus, 1985) as in maize. ADH is also induced in both maize root and Arabidopsis callus by the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (Dolferus,1985. Feeling, 1973). Several approaches have been undertaken to assess the functional role of Adh in development, stress response, and metabolite synthesis. The expression of the alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) gene is known to be regulated developmentally and to be induced by environmental stresses (Christie et al., 1991; Bucher et al., 1995). Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) plays a key enzymatic function in the response to anaerobic conditions in plants (Sachs, Subbaiah, and Saab 1996). A new and exciting aspect of ethanolic fermentation is the suggested involvement in stress signaling and response to environmental stresses other than low oxygen (Tadege et al., 1999). Furthermore, specific analysis of the ADH gene from rice (Oryza sativa), maize, and Arabidopsis showed ADH to be induced by cold (Christie et al., 1991), wounding (Kato-Noguchi, 2001), dehydration (Dolferus et al., 1994), and the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA; de Bruxelles et al., 1996), in line with the observation from the micro-array experim ents. In Arabidopsis thaliana, Adh overexpression improved the tolerance of hairy roots to low oxygen conditions and was effective in improving root growth (Dennis et al., 2000; Shiao et al., 2002). However, it had no effect on flooding survival (Ismond et al., 2003). Adh over expression in tomato has been shown to modify the balance between Cà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬  , Adh overexpression in tomato aldehydes and alcohols in ripe fruits (Speirs et al., 1998). Grapevine plants overexpressing Adh displayed a lower sucrose content, a higher degree of polymerization of proanthocyanidins, and a generally increased content of volatile compounds, mainly in carotenoid- and shikimate-derived volatiles (Catherine et al., 2006).

Communication Theories Essay -- essays research papers

In interpersonal communication there are many theories that are similar yet different in many ways. The theories can be combined to describe people and how those people interact and communicate with each other. Many of these theories help explain how people in society form impressions of others, how they maintain these impressions, why people interact with certain people in society, and how people will use these impressions that they have formed later on in life. These theories also help people to better understand themselves, to better understand interpersonal communication, and to better understand people in general. There are two theories in interpersonal communication that, despite their differences, can go hand in hand. The first is interaction adaptation theory and the second is emotional contagion theory. These two theories’ similarities and differences and their relevance to my everyday life will be discussed in this paper. These two theories are very important in und erstanding how people interact with others and why people do the things they do sometimes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Interaction adaptation theory defined by Beebe, Beebe, and Redmond (2005) is a â€Å"Theory suggesting that people interact with others by adapting to what others are doing† (p. 190). A way of looking at this theory is by thinking about a mirror. â€Å"Sometimes we relate by mirroring the posture or behavior of others† (p. 190). This theory believes that people will share the same kind of communication patterns when they are communicating together. People will interact in the same way as the other person. There has been a conclusion based on this theory that â€Å"nonverbal cues play a key role in how people adapt to others† (p. 190). If a person is communicating with their friend, who has their arms crossed, than this person might find that they are crossing their arms as well. These types of actions are all conclusions to this theory. People, based on their interactions with others, usually tend to develop similar communication patterns and find themselves mirroring the patterns of the other.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Emotional contagion theory is a little similar to interaction adaptation theory. According to Beebe, Beebe, and Redmond (2005), emotional contagion theory â€Å"suggests that people tend to ‘catch’ the emotions of others† (p. 213). This means that if a person is comm... ...oes for most of the emotions that people feel. I never really noticed any of this before I started writing this paper. I shared this information with my best friend and she was amazed that the way people interact is generally the same within groups in society. She now has a better understanding of the communication patterns and behaviors of people and she is not even in the class.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These theories have helped me to have a clearer understanding of how people interact with others and how they can share emotions. Everybody uses these theories whether they are conscious of it or not. If people did not use these theories than they would not be taught in class. Knowing about these theories and how they work is very beneficial to having better communication and interaction with people who are complete strangers and with people who are friends or even colleagues. The way people interact with others is important to knowing how they will share emotions and behaviors not only now, but also in the future. References Beebe, S., Beebe, S., Redmond, M. (2005). Interpersonal Communication: Relating to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Others. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

Better Home and Gardens and The Home Depot Essay -- essays research pa

Better Home and Gardens and The Home Depot In the current issue of Better Home and Gardens (BHG) magazine, published on October, 2004, there is an advertisement presenting how BHG and The Home Depot work together to provide new ideas and products. This is a win-win situation for both companies. Once know as â€Å"Fruit, Garden and Home†, the â€Å"Better Homes and Garden’s magazine (BGH) was first published in 1922. This magazine has become a trusted friend for over 82 years for America’s neighborhood. Better Homes and Gardens is one of the leading women’s magazine which can be found in over 2 million homes. This magazine provides new ideas, techniques and simple ways to improve your life and home. The Home Depot provides the supplies to assist with the new ideas, techniques and simple way to improve your life and home.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Home Depot was founded in 1978 in Atlanta, Georgia, by Bernie Marcus and Arthur Blank. During this time, the store contained 25,000 products; compared to today’s store which carry 40,000 different home accessories and building supplies. In the beginning, the vision of the store was to be a warehouse full of products that sold to men and women, providing the best customer service. During the next five years The Home Depot placed stores in five different states, with Texas being one of them. Today the company has over 1,700 stores which are satisfying over 22,000,000 customers each week. These stores bring in approximately $64.8 billion ... Better Home and Gardens and The Home Depot Essay -- essays research pa Better Home and Gardens and The Home Depot In the current issue of Better Home and Gardens (BHG) magazine, published on October, 2004, there is an advertisement presenting how BHG and The Home Depot work together to provide new ideas and products. This is a win-win situation for both companies. Once know as â€Å"Fruit, Garden and Home†, the â€Å"Better Homes and Garden’s magazine (BGH) was first published in 1922. This magazine has become a trusted friend for over 82 years for America’s neighborhood. Better Homes and Gardens is one of the leading women’s magazine which can be found in over 2 million homes. This magazine provides new ideas, techniques and simple ways to improve your life and home. The Home Depot provides the supplies to assist with the new ideas, techniques and simple way to improve your life and home.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Home Depot was founded in 1978 in Atlanta, Georgia, by Bernie Marcus and Arthur Blank. During this time, the store contained 25,000 products; compared to today’s store which carry 40,000 different home accessories and building supplies. In the beginning, the vision of the store was to be a warehouse full of products that sold to men and women, providing the best customer service. During the next five years The Home Depot placed stores in five different states, with Texas being one of them. Today the company has over 1,700 stores which are satisfying over 22,000,000 customers each week. These stores bring in approximately $64.8 billion ...

Maslows Theory

Maslow’s Motivational Theory By Tammy McNiel Everest University Abstract In this paper I will describe how to solve problems within a company using Maslow’s theory. I will also describe in this paper how using Maslow’s theory differs from Herzberg’s and McGregor’s theory. ? How would you solve this problem using Maslow’s motivational theory? I would solve this problem using Maslow’s motivational theory by implementing team work so that the workers feel they are part of a team and not by their selves.I would do this by planning team events. I would put the workers in teams and maybe does some competition work so they have goals to reach and then award prizes. I would also plan company picnics and outings so everybody can get acquainted and feel like it is more of a team and family oriented work environment. Instead of just one person, the manager making all the decisions, I would ask the employees their input on how they might think thi ngs could be better and improve their work place.I think this would make them feel like they are part of the company instead of just a place where they had to be to get paid but a place they like to be and enjoy, and I think this would improve their work at the company. I think with the employees getting to know each other by doing team activities and company oriented picnics for the employees and their families and making them feel like they belong will improve the workforce at their company. How would that differ from using Herzberg’s and McGregor’s theory?I think this would differ from Herzberg’s and McGregor’s theory because to me their theories seem to be about the manager making all the decisions and not giving the employees any input in on anything to do with the company. It is all one controlled environment and it is done by the higher up, meaning the managers. I think with Maslow’s theory the employees have more of a say so and feel like t hey are part of the company and in return the work output will be a lot better. References Understanding Business Tenth Addition Nickels, McHugh and McHugh

Factors thata effect health and well-being Essay

Elizabeth is providing her body with the energy her body needs to perform well and succeed in her work through exercising. Exercise provides stimulation for the brain. Stimulation improves brain function, which will improve many things like learning new skills and concentration. Also, people who remain physically active as they age have a reduced risk of dementia. Elizabeth goes swimming every Saturday with her children. This is an example of the social benefits of exercise. This could help Elizabeth have a positive self- image and have positive self-esteem. Exercise also has many psychological and emotional benefits. When you exercise endorphins are released in the brain Endorphins are the body’s natural feel good chemicals, and when they are released through exercise, your mood is boosted naturally. As well endorphins, exercise also releases adrenaline, serotonin, and dopamine. All of these chemicals improve mood. Endorphins are the body’s natural painkillers. The endorphins released during exercise could help Elizabeth with the pain she gets from her Ulcerative colitis. Altogether exercise will improve Elizabeth’s health, mental state and provide stimulation for her brain, which will help her with many different aspects of life. Regular exercise is benefiting Elizabeth’s physical, intellectual, emotional and social health and well-being. It is vital that she maintains this positive factor in her life. Supportive Relationships Elizabeth has many supportive relationships in her life. She has a loving family, a good relationship with her partner and a stable group of friends. Research shows that healthy and supportive relationships can reduce stress and improve your overall health and sense of well-being. The main advantages of having supportive relationships are the psychological benefits. On average, people who have supportive relationships are less likely to have mental health problems. Elizabeth does not, and never has, suffered from any mental health problems. This may be because she has people she can talk over any worries or problems with. This will help Elizabeth cope with things like stress and feeling of depression. If Elizabeth feels she has people she can trust and confide in she will be less likely to let these sort of feeling get out of control, she will be able to confront things before they become problems. If Elizabeth did not have such supportive relationships she would be at risk of suffering form stress, which would affect her physical health in many ways. Elizabeth sufferers from Ulcerative Colitis, and although the cause of it is unknown, it is suspected that stress can increase symptoms. So Elizabeth’s physical well being will be benefiting from supportive relationships because it will help prevent stress causing any flare up’s of her Ulcerative Colitis. Elizabeth’s intellectual development will benefit because she will be less likely to take time off work, and she will be more likely to take part in things that will stimulate her brain such as exercise. Conversation may also provide stimulation. Elizabeth will benefit in ever aspect of her health and well-being because she has good supportive relationships in her life.

Odyssey, realism or fantasy? Essay

Stories and epics can last throughout time; the Odyssey has proven the test of time. The Odyssey acts as a guide book for the Ancient Greeks but allows modern audiences to still enjoy the content. It helps give an oversight as to the life and morals of the Ancient world. Both realism and fantasy play a part in the Odyssey to create relatable tension and excitable journeys. The Gods help make and break Odysseus on his journey back to Ithaca. Homer enabled the gods to be anthropomorphic from the outset. The gods assemble a council to discuss Odysseus’ situation thus showing a democratic society that would be desirable to all audiences (almost promoting democracy as something even the gods would do). Zeus and Poseidon prove vengeful and merciful depending on the situation, similarly, Calypso and Circe show jealousy and selfishness when we first meet them on their own isolated islands. Calypso even suffers the injustice of double standards in which she is not permitted to marry a mortal: Odysseus. Gods such Aeolus add tension to the Odyssey as Odysseus’ men do not trust what is in the bag which results in being blown off course to Ithaca. The gods hold human emotions which has consequences on Odysseus throughout his journey, whether it being Ino’s sympathy or Poseidon’s wrath. Gods hold the ability to physically change into any human in the mortal world causing tests to the cities and enables Athena greatly in aiding Odysseus. The significantly differs to a modern audience’s potential view on a God, the Christian God is omnipotent and omnibenevolent. An Ancient audience is shown that the many gods do have the realism of human emotions but the powers to cause physical disasters (such as great waves and storms). This allows an ancient audience to relate more to the gods into how they should behave as well as that morals are important, however, even the gods have weak spots. Homer sustains fantasy and reality when describing the actions and intentions of the gods, merging them together to create his epic. Odysseus comes across many fantastical people in his journey home. He reaches the land of the Lystrogonians who at the surface seem like a civilised country, however, he goes on to discover that they are in fact cannibalistic giants. What started out as a potentially realistic view into another country to be discovered, turned into a fantastical and thrilling fight for their lives. Monsters such as Scylla and Charybdis, and the sirens prove only there to be dangerous. They try and prevent Odysseus from continuing home. They do, however, offer an insight into how Odysseus behaves and reacts to situations of fictional monsters. The monsters prove that Odysseus isn’t only strong against men, but even fantastical creatures which he would have never encountered before. Even Circe and Calypso and first of all presented as being the perfect Ancient Greek woman by singing and weaving when they are first presented in the epic. They seem normal and real but soon show their dangerous and evil intentions of hindering Odysseus. Homer disguises them as to seem real and normal but then throws in a fantastical twist to keep the audience engaged to how what might seem normal, is far from it. As well as this, the Phaecians are completely fantastical and a fictional town. They have such a strong relationship with the gods that the gods do not disguise themselves at all; they turn up in their true forms. They are even related to the Cyclopes who we find out Polyphemus is the son of Poseidon. Subsequently, from disobeying Poseidon, they get punished extremely harshly (they get turned into rocks for helping Odysseus leave their island) which is all fictional. Even through hall the different fictional islands he travels through and all the monsters he meets, Greek traditions such as xenia and proper burial rights still apply. The best example of this is Elpenor. He falls off of Circe’s roof and they do not burry him. By book 11, when Odysseus enters the Underworld, Elpenor begs Odysseus to find his body and properly burry him to which Odysseus complies. Similarly, whilst leaving the island of the Cicones, Odysseus and his crew solute the death of 72 men 3 times each as they sail away. The sheer respect to the dead and the lengths that Odysseus goes to respect them is shown throughout the Odyssey no matter where he is. Xenia is a system to respect strangers and there is a specific process to go through before asking the stranger questions (this involves feeding, bathing, clothing and a gift at the end of their stay). Circe awful xenia to Odysseus’ crew as she turns them into pigs however she does, in the end, correct her ways and give Odysseys’ crew a house, food and clothes for a year. The Phaecians do not show xenia to begin with either although they soon correct their ways. Xenia is about respecting Zeus as the gods can physically transform into humans and therefore could test anyone one their xenia. The perfect xenia of Nestor and Menelaus towards Telemachus are clear examples to an Ancient audience oh how to perform xenia. Even characters that don’t show xenia to begin with, end up complying which enables the realism of morals to come across with the ancient audience. The fantasy creatures and gods (such as Circe and Calypso) show xenia. The first half of the Odyssey shows a lot of excitement caused by the fantasy events that take place. The second half, once Odysseus lands in Ithaca, realism seems to take over in which Odysseus has to keep his disguises as a beggar and be opened to abuse which comes with it. This endurance of such awful behaviour of the suitors towards him gives, once again, clear morals to an ancient and modern audience of what is happening in Greece and what is viewed as unacceptable – the lack of xenia and curtsey of the suitors. The loyalty of Eumaeus and Eurycleia combined with the accepted trust of Telemachus who has gained his kleos provides entertainment as Odysseus plots to eliminate all 108 suitors using his strength and cunning. This scene is influential to show how badly a beggar would have been treated but the justice that finally came upon the suitors would give hope to an audience of an era, that the hero always wins. Fantasy adds to the entertainment of the Odyssey just as much as the finalism of reality raining back onto Ithaca as order is restored in a violent manner. Morals have not changed that dramatically since Ancient Greece therefore the Odyssey still applies the good morals of respecting everyone as well as the strong loyalty of family which can be valued and relatable throughout time. As the Odyssey is meant to be a guide book for morals for the Ancient Greeks, the Odyssey will use issues relating to their lifestyle (such as xenia, nostos, kleos and dike). The odyssey allows for real life issues to be twisted into a fantasy form which an ancient audience would respect – if the gods are anthropomorphic and they offer xenia and correct their ways, then so should mortals. Fantasy cannot be the only aspect to an epic which would last through time, the audience has to be able to relate to the issues which arise to the protagonist. The Odyssey portrays humanity, justice, consequences and loyalty whether that be through people such as Penelope and Odysseus, or the jealousy of Calypso and Odysseus. Readers can relate to the topics that arise in the Odyssey. Homer has enabled an epic to complement fantasy and reality into one 10 year journey across the unknown just to get home.

Gay Marriage Should Be Legal

Gay marriage should be legalized. Our civil rights and the Constitution give us many liberties. One of our civil liberties is the pursuit of happiness, which homosexual people are not allowed to chase. They cannot be married to the person they love and it violates their freedoms. According to professorshouse. com, â€Å"In Alaska, Nevada, Montana, Oregon, Utah, Nebraska, Missouri, Michigan, North Dakota, Ohio, Kentucky, Oklahoma, Kansas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, Texas, and Alabama, not only is gay marriage banned, but so are civil partnerships.   The 1st amendment of the Constitution states that a person’s religious beliefs or a lack of thereof must be protected. Legislatures also cannot discriminate against marriages of the minority party which, homosexual people fall into that category. There is also an amendment stating there is separation of church and state, so you cannot declare that a marriage is a gift from God. Others might ask why gay marriage sh ould be legalized, but my question is this: why should other people be able to choose who marries who? If a man and a woman get married, no one seems to care.They are two people who feel affection for one another and those two people want to start a family. If we change the scenario a little bit and a man and a man, or a woman and a woman, try to get married it causes uproar. They are not allowed to be married or raise a family together. Imagine waking up one day to a world that was completely opposite from the world we went to sleep in, meaning gay people are now straight and all straight people are now gay. Do you think the newly straight people would fight for the newly homosexual people’s rights?America is the land of the free, but we are not free to marry whomever we would like. After everything straight people have put homosexual people through, in this scenario, homosexual people would most likely vote for their rights because they would want their rights to be voted f or. We are equals in this world whether we are Black, White, Hispanic, Indian, or any other race for that matter. Why should we not be equals based on sexual orientation? In a marriage there is one thing that truly matters: love.Yes, other things are important too, but not one couple would make it to even asking someone to marry them if there was not some love. Las Vegas, Nevada is also known for being the place where many weddings occur which are annulled within one week. These marriages are not based off love, but simply a drunken night in Vegas. High divorce rates weaken what a marriage is defined as. Why are we not able to rewrite what a marriage stands for and make it include a homosexual marriage? The definition of love, according to dictionary. com is as follows: â€Å"Very strong affection: an intense feeling of tender affection and compassion. If gay people feel this way then why shouldn’t they be able to be married? If they are happy with each other, said persons s hould be able to marry. California, Hawaii, New York, and the District of Columbia all have domestic partnership laws and civil partnerships meaning it is almost a marriage without the matrimony. Civil partnerships also give couples the ability to have joint bank accounts, live in the same house, and pay bills together. Homosexual couples are not entitled to this in most states. Marriage benefits should be available to all couples, no matter what.In places where gay marriages are banned, the gay couples are not able to have the same benefits as others. When filing for health care or insurance through a job, gay couples are not able to add each other on. Most loved ones, such as a spouse or a child, in a straight marriage, can make life altering decisions in a hospital if need be. Since gay marriage is not legal, said person’s spouse is not recognized as their next of kin and care is delayed. Who would be affected if homosexual marriage was legalized? No one. Everyone believes there is one person who is out there to love us.Gay people feel the same way. Parenthood is a benefit of marriage and gay couples cannot have children by themselves, without some type of help, so they look to adoption agencies. In some cases gay couples are put on longer waiting lists or denied completely. There are other benefits to being married as well, such as tax breaks. On the website professorshouse. com it reads, â€Å"When we hit our mid-thirties, we wanted only true friendships- friendships that were durable. † This is a perfect example of matrimony and what it should be based on. . According to dictionary. om a marriage is, â€Å"The legal or religious ceremony that formalizes the decision of two people to live as a married couple, including the accompanying social festivities. † If this is a marriage why are gay people not included in this? Even though gay marriage should be legalized, some people have different beliefs. In most religions including, Christ ianity, Islam, and Orthodox Judaism same sex preferences are a sin. People believe in procreation to repopulate the world, but are against gay marriage and homosexuals adopting children because they cannot procreate on their own.If this is a stand point on making or breaking gay marriage then only people who are fertile and want to procreate should be able to get married according to this bias. America has never really given gay marriage a chance, but they believe gay marriage will weaken its institution by leading to high divorce rates. On loveandpride. com I read, â€Å"One reason legislatures are denying gay marriage is because they are fearful that opening the door to allowing gay marriages will open the door to polygamy as well. This would also mean reopening cases about polygamy in the past which they are not willing to do. Others are fearful for children’s futures and they fear being raised by two fathers or by two mothers may compromise children’s mental capac ities. Even though to most people gay marriage should be illegal and should stay in its current state, I believe we need to change the world for future generations. We feared that different religions were going to clash, but now all of the religions coexist. White people had Black and Hispanic slaves, but we overcame the odds and now White men, Black men, and Hispanic men can be equals.If it is possible to overcome such fierce obstacles then we can overcome the boundary obstructing gay marriages and straight marriages alike. Gay marriage should be legalized for these reasons. Evolution will always continue and at any given point in time, something will occur that we will not like in this world, but we can overcome this. Gay marriage is a controversial issue that people have been fighting for years and it has finally come to the surface. We should take charge of it.

Baptist Church Visit

Baptist visit I decided to go to Baptist church in Miami. I chose Coral Park Baptist Church because most of the Baptist churches I call in Miami provide Spanish language services, but the Coral Park Baptist Church also offers English services. I went to the service at 11 o'clock Sunday. The whole church is very big. In major temples there are regular Spanish services, and there are other complete buildings, separate classrooms, English services and other Sunday school type courses. Acceptable choices are Methodist Church and Baptist Church. Methodist Church made me indifferent. The Battle church bat is funny but the second Baptist church I visited was very warm and the people were friendly. Their beliefs are too modest to my taste, but they are accepted by my Republican husband. I like this service and people. I participated. I immediately received a revelation that I am no longer in Kansas. But I like these people again. So when I heard the ridiculous belief that I thought it was ab surd, I just smiled and told myself. I want the feelings of the community. Baptist visit I decided to go to Baptist church in Miami. I chose Coral Park Baptist Church because most of the Baptist churches I call in Miami provide Spanish language services, but the Coral Park Baptist Church also offers English services. I went to the service at 11 o'clock Sunday. The whole church is very big. In major temples there are regular Spanish services, and there are other complete buildings, separate classrooms, English services and other Sunday school type courses. There seem to be countless churches around Waco. Waco has more than 100 Baptist churches alone. Even if someone tries to visit two Baptist churches every week, there will still be a Baptist church to visit. There is no doubt that Waco is a religious city. David Koresh is said to be a child under the name of God. Some people in former David chapters said they did not say that he had sexually assaulted children. Kiri Jewell, one of W aco's children, said she tried to have sex with her when she was ten years old, David Koresh. Others say that David Koresh is clearly talking about sex with young girls.

Personal statment Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Statment - Personal Statement Example The successful completion of this course served to whet my appetite for anything and everything connected with medicine and health care. In college I undertook a course in criminal justice. On being drafted into military service, I lost no opportunity to improve my medical knowledge. Thus, I completed the hospital A school, wherein I was exposed to nursing and paramedical procedures. In addition, I gained knowledge regarding cpr phlebotomy. Thereafter, I undertook field medical service school, where I learned triage, field sanitation, trauma care and surgery. Furthermore, I also garnered information regarding hazmat, dental and medical emergencies. These skills enabled me to develop a patient and balanced approach to the sick and injured. Some of these procedures are to be performed in critical situations and my interest and skill, developed right from my childhood, stood me in good stead. I can proudly declare that I have never lost my presence of mind, even in the most demanding situations. On many an occasion, the patient in the field will be severely injured and this could deter many people from providing emergency medical attention. However, I have never been overwhelmed or distressed by the sight of severe injuries. During such encounters, I always view the situation objectively and try to render the best possible medical assistance, to the best of my ability and in the shortest time possible. This trait of mine has been recognized and lauded by my superior officers on several occasions. It has always been my firm belief that providing medical relief to our armed forces is fraught with great difficulty. At present, the US intervenes militarily in many areas of the world. Some of these places are extremely dangerous, and our men face the risk of death or serious injury at every turn. The situation is rendered all the more difficult, due to the difficult and hostile terrain and the lack of proper

Futures and Innovation - Media and Innovation Essay

Futures and Innovation - Media and Innovation - Essay Example Innovation could help bring in more revenues for industries, for the government, and for the overall economy. It is a never-ending process and a way in which industries learn to adapt to the changing needs and wants of the general public (Schaffer & Paul-Chowdhury, 2002). In this postmodern society, some of the best innovations are through media. The dawn of computers and information technology (IT) has also been the go signal for media innovations. The wonders of the internet has already brought us online social networks, not to mention blogs, forums, and chat rooms where people of all walks of life can put across their personal sentiments, conduct their private businesses or simply socialize while glued to their seats. This virtual enterprise has especially made a difference on the business interests of the tourism industry. Governments from various countries as well as private companies specializing in travel and tours are now seeing the cost-efficient way of promoting native destinations to the rest of the world via the internet (Steinbock, 2003, pp.109-121). There is no need to send travel brochures or pamphlets by manual mail. Today, the tourism industry can simply build websites with state-of-the-art â€Å"Virtual Tour† features and att ract tourists from around the world. Virtual tourism has had a mixed reception, which is why this essay will scrutinize its benefits and disadvantages in modern-day tourism. Following a discussion on the pros and cons of this ground-breaking media innovation, this essay will also present a country case study dealing with the impact of virtual tours and virtualization in Portugal. Virtual tours are mock models of sceneries, shops, or places that help to promote the real ones. Also a kind of virtual reality accessible through several tourism websites, virtual tours are a set of continuous pictures, videos, and other multimedia that enables viewers to move from place to place with just a

Black Studies The Urban Dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Black Studies The Urban Dilemma - Essay Example With this rationale, they think that they have the right to impinge on the 'space' of other people. In his book entitled Black Corona: Race and the Politics of Place in an Urban Community, Steven Gregory (1998) enlightens the reader on the issue of contested space by using the experiences of the African American community in a New York setting collectively called Black Corona. In Gregory's work, we are made aware of a consultation conducted by an all-white Neighbourhood Stabilization to address the issues of latchkey kids, drug dealing and the lack of parental guidance. Although this consultation was designed to improve the security and safety of the whole community, the discussion and decision was left mostly to the white participants as the black participants were effectively prevented from participating. The blacks shied away from the discussion because they were implied to be the root of the problem. It was their kids who were menacing the library. It was their coming when the drug problem emerged. It was them who were mostly single parents. They were the problem and the white s had the right to correct them. The larger picture of what occurred in the consultation was that t

Project Plnning Skills Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Project Plnning Skills - Assignment Example (Charette, 2006, 21) With often called th project of competence, th pecification of project hould be a precie decription of what th project aim at carrying out, nd th criteria nd flexibility implied, it parameter, rnge, rnge, exit, ource, (Kameny, 2006, 115) participnt, budget nd calendar (take guard - to ee th note enviaging approximately calendar below). Uually th project mnager mut conult with othr nd thn agree th pecification of project with uperior, or competent authoritie. Th pecification cn imply everal outline before it i agreed. Specification of project are eential becaue thy create a meaurable reponibility for no matter whom who contntly wihe to evaluate how th project goe, or it ucce on th achievement. (Audrey, 2007, 12) Competence of project alo provide n eential dicipline nd a framework to keep th project on th way, nd concerned with th original objective nd agreed parameter. Correctly formulated nd agreed pecification of project alo protect th project mnager againt being held to explain th exit which are apart from th rnge original of th project or independent of th project mnager. It i th tage to agree of th pecial condition or th exception with thoe in th authority. Once you th 'VE publih competence you created a very firm whole of hope by which you will be judged. Thu if you have concern, or wnt to renegotiate, now ' th hour to do it. More th great project cn need everal week to produce nd be appropriate of competence of project. (Joyce, 2007, 13) Th majority of th normal project of buinee however have need for a few day thinking nd conulting to produce uitable pecification of project. Th etablihment nd th agreement of th pecification of project are n importnt proce even if your tak i th imple one. A template for a project pecification: 1. Decribe purpoe, aim nd deliverable. 2. State parameter (timecale, budget, rnge, cope, territory, authority). 3. State people involved nd th way th team will work (frequency of meeting, deciion-making proce). 4. Etablih 'break-point' at which to review nd check progre, nd

How to create resilient supply chains Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

How to create resilient supply chains - Essay Example The process is also critical in planning of the production and supply process, improvement of relationships with suppliers, event management, international trade logistics, and transportation management (Fawcett, Ellram & Ogden 2007). This management is necessary for any enterprise that aspires to improve efficiency. The outcome of a well-managed is the difference between the success and the failure of the enterprise. Creation of a resilient chain is, therefore, an important part in the success of a business entity. Objectives of a supply chain management system An example of a supply chain is a manufacturing chain, which involves the procurement of raw materials, transformation of these raw materials into finished goods, and then transportation to distribution centers, and eventually to consumers. According to Beckmann (2003) the primary objective of the process is to maximize the general value generated. This value is the difference between effort expended in satisfying the custome r’s request and the final products worth to the consumer. These chains are strongly connected with the profitability, which is the margin between the proceeds generated from the consumer and the general cost across the chain. This system is, therefore, aimed at reducing costs related to customer satisfaction (Mentzer et al. 2001). Effective management of the process can results can also reduce the risks associated with breakdowns in the chain. Management also ensures that resources are used elsewhere. Through the reduction in costs, it is possible to transfer the resources that are saved to other productive activities. The management is also influential in the enhancement of management operations (Tan 2001). A steady chain implies more efficient operations which improves the overall productivity and profitability of the business. A properly managed chain also facilitates delivery of quality products over a smaller period (Cohen & Roussel 2005). Issues that affect the supply c hain process A major issue that affects the supply chain is strategy alignment. It is crucial that the business strategy must be in line with the supply strategy in order to attain its desired results (Chen & Paulraj 2004). However, where these strategies are not aligned, there is a higher risk of breakdown in the chain. If the strategy does not work in synchrony with the business strategy, it becomes difficult to properly coordinate the entire process (Arend & Wisner 2005). A poor strategy can also undermine the effectiveness of the supply process. A good strategy must focus on both customer satisfaction and effectiveness, and where these objectives are not met the supply process cannot be effective (Gunasekaran & Ngai 2005). Strategic alliances are particularly essential for the flow of materials, information or money in the supply chain and it needs to be even. This can be achieved through proper communication with strategic alliances (Storey et al 2006). Supply chain risks Busin ess risks can be externally driven such as customers, competitors, regulations or internally driven risks that include processing and operations. Risks can also be decision-driven such as erroneous or insufficient decision support (Stadtler 2008). In assessing risks, that affect supply chains, it is imperative to categorize these risks according to risk sources,

Report of 500 words explaining the backgroung and history of APPLE Essay

Report of 500 words explaining the backgroung and history of APPLE COMPANEY - Essay Example History, 2008). The first graphical user interface was developed by the Xerox Corporation at their Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) in the 1970s. Steve Jobs visited Xerox Corporation and impressed by the GUI technology developed by Xerox, Steve bought Xerox Corporation in 1979 (Bellis, 2010). Lisa, the first commercial personal computer to employ a graphical user interface (GUI) was introduced by Apple in 1983. In fact Lisa was the first personal computer which introduced the mouse option for computers. Macintosh operating system was introduced in 1984. Portable computers or the PowerBook series was introduced by Apple in 1991. Because of the stiff competition from Microsoft and the resignation of its charismatic leader Steve from the CEO post, Apple Company faced many challenges in the 1990’s. In 1996, February, Apple gave license to Motorola to use their Mac OS. This is the first time when Apple gave sublicense to any other companies to use their Mac Operating System (History of Apple, 2007). â€Å"With the release of the iMac on August 15, 1998 Apple was able to put to rest some its past failures† (Dougherty, 2010). The introduction of the â€Å"i† series products like iMac, iphone, ipods, ipads etc during the latter part of 1990’s and in the early part of 2000 and the return of Steve as the CEO again in the latter part of 1990’s helped Apple to regain its lost market share. Steve has realized that in order to compete more effectively with the arch rival Microsoft, Apple needs some new challeng ing products apart from computers and operating system. The introduction of ipod music player in 2001 helped Apple to regain its lost customer base, especially the youth segment. Kim (2010) has pointed out that Apple Inc is currently the world’s second best company, just behind Exxon Mobil, as far as market capitalization is concerned (Kim, 2010). Moreover, Apple is the number one

Curriculum Design and Evaluation; Standards -Based Education Essay

Curriculum Design and Evaluation; Standards -Based Education - Essay Example Critics assail standards-based education in two fronts – content and implementation. For instance, Hamilton et al. (2002, p. 27) argued that in standards-based curriculum development, there is a difficulty in deciding how many performance levels should be created, what method should be used to set those levels, how high they should be set, and what they should be called. Also, a number of research educators and students themselves disagree with the policy of passing a rigorous test just to get a high school diploma. There are also those who criticize the implementing agency of being vague as to the academic content and with being lax with schools in terms of following standards. (Cizek 2001, p. 418) Certainly, good arguments are also coming from similar sectors stressing the expectation from all students to perform in the same way since the fact is, there are ordinary students and there are academically talented ones. The former name of standards-based education is outcome-based education. This is not without reason because this system focuses on achieving optimum learning outcome and the performance of students. I believe this is essentially what education is all about. This example shows how standards-based education offers the most impact because it allows the students to explore on their own, creating learning opportunities where theories are applied in the process. Learning is more rigorous and the methodologies employed are more strategic in terms of meeting students’ learning needs. It is in my opinion that students receive and retain more learning content in this process due to the environment and the standard. Another point about standards-based curriculum is the fact that it works within the premise that education requires continuous improvement. So where in the traditionalist setting the grade of A is the same today and tomorrow, students in standards-based education must pass a test that is benchmarked 10 years from

Natural Law does not provide an adequate basis for morality Essay Example for Free

Natural Law does not provide an adequate basis for morality Essay In this essay, the arguments made will help to consider whether or not if Natural Law does provide an adequate basis for morality or not. The arguments will look into Aquinas theory and if his beliefs provide a sense of morality for all humans. Natural Law is a moral theory which maintains that law should be based on morality and ethics. Natural Law holds that the law is based on what’s correct. Natural Law is discovered by humans through the use of reason and choosing between good and evil. It finds power in discovering certain universal standards in morality and ethics. The strengths that are found in Natural Law are the strengths of an absolutist deontological view of morality. It allows people to follow common rules so they can then structure communities. Natural Law provides justification and support for certain core ideas which are popular in modern times, for example human rights and equality. Natural Law provides a clear moral basis for Christians to follow, example would be, the primary precepts to ‘defend life’ which provides a moral rule to help people to understand that all life is sacred and we should defend all life. We are also able to us our reason in order to distinguish between what is right and what is wrong, it allows us to use our reason to fulfil our purpose as humans. A key argument that would be made is that not all people share the same life purposes; everyone wants to get something different out of life, fulfilling their own life purposes. Not all people â€Å"find love in the same way; some find love and purpose in life through the expression of their sexuality† (Robert Bowie). Aquinas did not consider that every human thinks and feels differently, to make his theory relatable to all humans. Human beings have their own minds; the whole person should be the decision maker and follow what makes them happy. Homosexual men and women argue the fact that they are not recognized as normal human beings. Aquinas believed that their actions should not be seen as normal human action but as unnatural because to him, they cannot lead normal lives like straight men and women simple because they cannot reproduce and that Aquinas believed that â€Å"as a human being must preserve the species every discharge of semen should be associated with life generation†(Robert Bowie). But it is not vital for ever discharge of semen should be producing a new life to maintain human life. Aquinas doesn’t consider how are functions effect are emotions, how they link to our emotions and thoughts. Natural Law has been argued to whether or not there is a common natural law that is apparent and self- evident, and also whether or not it can be right for each human and if every day life can be deduced from the fundamental laws e. g. primary precepts. Kai Neilson went against Aquinas theory, Neilson argued Aquinas beliefs in a basis human nature which is presented to all different cultures. Sciences view of an essential human nature is that it does not exist and that it’s not what makes a man a man. Human nature is seen as a vague cultural concept, is has never been scientifically proven so we cannot be sure if it actually does exist. ‘The challenge is that an essential human nature isn’t as obviously self-evident as Aquinas claims’ (Robert Bowie). In some ways, some forms of Natural Law could perhaps exist just not in the way Aquinas indented. He believed to use the genitals for other reason presides reproducing, was immoral. The human body and emotions works in different ways and it is not necessary that semen has to produce a new life every time. Aquinas believes that sex before marriage is wrong, and that in order for a couple to have sex they must have the intensions of spending the rest of their lives together. For a couple’s relationship to grow strong or maintain strong, by creating a sexual relationship, the couple’s relationship may benefit from this action. â€Å"Sexual activity isn’t only found in the genitalia’s’ (Robert Bowie). In today’s society the human physique is seen as one psycho-physical whole, it is no longer seen as the fragment requirements of parts which Aquinas had believed. Aquinas how a couple may need a sexual relationship for their feelings to mature. Times have changed since Aquinas’s theory, people within a relationship no longer wait until their married some even have children out of wedlock but are in stable relationship even if it’s with another person who is not their child’s parent. Homosexual relationships are no longer thrown upon and homosexual couples can now get married in church in front of God. Aquinas theory does no longer fit into today’s society simple because the new generations have grown up being taught differently. The programs that are now shown on TV for children and teens to watch have sent out a messages showing sense such as ’16 and pregnant’ that go against Aquinas beliefs. Aquinas Natural Moral Law is a Christian ethic but Jesus confronted legalistic morality in the New Testament. Natural moral law is similar to Pharisaic law and some debate that Jesus went against this approach. Some Christians have demanded that morality should be based on the individual rather than the types of acts that have been committed. Writer, Kevin T Kelly, pointed out two types of Christian morality, one ‘that is centred on acts’ and then another which is ‘centred on the dignity of the human person’ (Robert Bowie), separating the person from the act. Although natural law has its down sides there are some arguments that provide a basis for morality. Natural moral law provides a set of rules which people do follow to fulfil a moral life. The strengths that natural moral law provides are the strengths of an absolutist deontological view of morality; the rules that apply bring a structure to communities. Some religious believers use Natural law as a comfort blanket; it could be seen as something to rely on to help guide them to a moral way of life, Natural moral law gives a reason to be moral, â€Å"It gives guidance on day to day questions† (Robert Bowie). Natural law, although guides people in the way they live, is not a set of rules but a form of living a chose on how to achieve a person’s purpose and happiness. It provides us humans with a complete system of moral living. Natural moral law supports certain ideas in modern times for example human rights and equality. Humans are capable of discerning the difference between good and evil because they have a conscience. There are many manifestations of the good that we can pursue. Some, like procreation, are common to other nimals, and others, like the pursuit of truth, are inclinations peculiar to the capacities of human beings. Some contemporary Catholic theologians, like John Wijngaards, dispute the Magisteriums interpretation of Natural Law as applied to specific points of sexual ethics, such as in the areas of contraceptives and homosexual unions. Natural moral goes against taking of a human’s life, â€Å"thou shall not kill† (Jesus) natural law follows this, t he 5 primary precepts state that you should perverse all life, since life is a gift and all humans should find happiness and morality within their lifespan. Although Natural law does provide a framework for humans to be guided it also forgets to include the other types of cultures. Natural law was made for Christians which means that the rules and morals have been made to fit only Christian teachings, so it’s not suitable for all humans to follow and if not all human beings can follow it, then not all humans are gaining a basis for morality. Aquinas theory is seen as being out of date, with the new generation growing up in a world where sex before marriage doesn’t apply, his belief that no semen should be wasted and that it is unmoral to use the genitals for other reason besides reproducing is no longer seen as wrong but in some cases seen as sharing love between partners also homosexuality is no longer seen as a sin in some societies.