Diagnosed with right sided pneumonia leading to acute respiratory failure Free Essay Example, 2000 words

Diagnosis: Right-Sided Pneumonia Leading to Acute Respiratory Failure Diagnosis: Right-Sided Pneumonia Leading to Acute Respiratory Failure Question 1 Two days after Mr. Bukowski’s operation on the fractured right neck of femur, four key pieces of assessment data supporting the diagnosis of acute respiratory failure were observed. These includes abnormal respiration pattern, auscultation of breath sounds, measurement of arterial blood gases, and chest X-ray (CXR). The first key assessment data and the most observable symptom in the case of Mr. Bukowski is abnormal respiration pattern. The sympathetic nervous system is being stimulated by the increased carbon dioxide in the arterial blood, leading to increased heart rate and respiratory rate that helps the body to compensate for the hypercapnia and hypoxia (Smyth, 2005, 72). This is demonstrated by the elevated respiratory rate of Mr. Bukowski two days after the operation which is 28 breaths per minute and the observance of deep and labored breathing pattern. There is indication that he has been experiencing limited chest expansion as evidenced by intercostal muscle recess ion thus, indicating also his right lung has collapsed and will not received enough ventilation (Higgins & Guest, 2008, 24). We will write a custom essay sample on Diagnosed with right sided pneumonia leading to acute respiratory failure or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The abnormal respiration pattern characterized by increased respiratory effort and collapsed of the right lung supports his diagnosis of Acute Respiratory Failure. In Mr. Bukowski’s case auscultation of breath sounds is the second key assessment data needed to support the diagnosis of acute respiratory failure. Kaynar & Shama (2010) indicate that the most common reason for respiratory failure is the mismatch in the ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) (n. p). Mr. Bukowski was diagnosed with pneumonia and includes physical findings such as crackles, rales, decreased intensity of breathing sounds and presence of rhonchi breathing sounds, and used of accessory muscles during respiration. The presence of course crackles will lead to V/Q mismatch because course crackles in pneumonia indicate that he has existing secretions in the airway (Shackell & Gillespie, 2009, 18). Therefore, the contributing cause of respiratory failure in Mr. his case is diminished ventilation secondary to the presence of crackles and diminished entry sounds as revealed during the assessment process. The third key assessment data and the most definite indicator of acute respiratory failure is the measurement of arterial blood gases (ABG). Acute respiratory failure is a state in which the respiratory system fails to perform the gas exchange function (Lightower, Vedzicha, Elliott Mueller, 2008, 787).

Gendered Medi The Influence Of Media On Views Of Gender,...

In the article, â€Å"Gendered media: The influence of media on views of Gender,† Julia T. Wood (1994) stated that â€Å"women are underrepresented which falsely implies that men are the cultural standard and women are unimportant or invisible† (p.31). She goes on to say that this is the main reason why media distort reality; it creates a false image of the representation that is outside the media world. In Television women continue to be predominantly lacking and many people are wondering who is to blame. As the media world is primarily dominated by men, women activist are demanding for more women to be part of such a popular medium that is television. While some researchers believe that†¦, â€Å"the ways in which media represent the female subject and†¦show more content†¦Not only are Latinas negative portrayed, but when they are represented they play unimportant roles that have nothing to do with the plot. In order to increase the percentage of women in television, other groups of women should be equally represented. Portrayals of Latinas Latinas have been misrepresented in television for years, and not only are they misrepresented but they are barely seen portraying major characters. The Latino Media Gap conducted by Negrà ³n-Muntaner along with Chelsea Abbas, Luis Figueroa, and Samuel Robson examines Latino’s inclusion in the mainstream media to have an inclusive media landscape. The report makes eight findings on the gap between Latino presence and media inclusion in the United States. One of the findings that might support this study is that â€Å"the participation of Latinos in programming is extremely limited† (Negrà ³n-Muntaner et.al. p. 2). According to the report, in the 1950s Latinos had a higher percentage of lead actor appearance when they were only 2.8% of the U.S. population, and now that they are 17% of the U.S. population the percentage of Latinos lead actors is significantly low. In the article, â€Å"Latino representation on primetime television,† by Mastro, D. E., Behm-Morawitz, E. (2005) they noted that not only Latinos are dramatically underrepresented in television compared to other groups of people, but â€Å"Latinas have been underrepresented in terms of both their gender and their ethnicity† (p.111). This is exceedinglyShow MoreRelatedEssay about Gendered Media9688 Words   |  39 Pages7 Gendered Media: The Influence of Media on Views of Gender Julia T. Wood Department of Communication, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill times more often than ones about women (â€Å"Study Reports Sex Bias,† 1989), media misrepresent actual proportions of men and women in the population. This constant distortion tempts us to believe that there really are more men than women and, further, that men are the cultural standard. THEMES IN MEDIA Of the many influences on how we view men and

How to Use References in Your Essays Free Essays

This is a quick guide to the different systems of referencing you might be asked to use. Normally you will have to use only one system during your academic course, but it’s useful to be familiar with other styles. This guide does not cover all the possible referencing systems, nor the variations of each, so seek further clarification from your department or the many useful online sources available. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Use References in Your Essays or any similar topic only for you Order Now Citations and References Be aware of the difference between citations and references. Citations are placed in the body of your essay, and indicate to the reader where the idea you are stating has come from. They are typically a shorter form. The full reference is given in the reference list which comes at the end of the essay. Different systems of referencing use different conventions for both citations and reference lists. Some systems also stipulate that you should include a bibliography, a list of texts which you used to gain a broad understanding of the subject but which you do not refer to directly in your essay. Some of the most common referencing styles are Harvard, APA, MLA and Chicago. Other styles include IEEE (used in computer science and electronics), Vancouver (sciences and mathematics) and OSCOLA (law). There are a number of computer packages to help you with references. The following links to a table which compares the different ones and lists their pros and cons: http://ox.libguides.com/content.php?pid=294548sid=2418329 Harvard The Harvard referencing style is widely used across a number of subjects There are several different versions of this style, so do check which is used in your department The style is based on name and date for citations, with number also sometimes used. This links to a guide giving one version of Harvard referencing in detail: http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm There are some online free reference-generating tools available, for example: http://www.neilstoolbox.com/bibliography-creator/ APA The referencing style of the American Psychological Association is known as APA. It is commonly used in psychology and the social sciences. Like Harvard, there are different versions of APA style. Features include the use of indentations in reference list, ampersands (‘’) instead of ‘and’, and ways of treating multiple authored texts. This links to a guide to APA: http://www.apastyle.org/ MLA MLA is the referencing style of the Modern Languages Association. It is used in philosophy and English. The rationale behind citations in the MLA system is to provide sufficient information for the reader to identify the source, with full details given in the reference list. It also rules that information given in brackets should not repeat information given in the text In MLA the name and page number make up the citation, rather than the date. Names also include initials in citations. Like all referencing systems, MLA dictates a particular way of dealing with online and electronic sources. This is a guide to the MLA style: http://www.library.cornell.edu/resrch/citmanage/mla Chicago The Chicago style is used in English and History. In Chicago use is made of footnotes, and readers are given full bibliographic details of each source used, as it is cited on each page. Other footnotes referring to the same source give the information in a shorter form. A bibliography lists all works mentioned in the text While footnotes appear in the order in which authors are mentioned in the text, the bibliography is alphabetical This is a guide to Chicago style: http://libweb.lancs.ac.uk/g79chicago.htm Bibliography Imperial College (2013) ‘Reference Management’, [online] (cited 13th February 2013) available from http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/library/subjectsandsupport/referencemanagement University of Bristol (2013) ‘A guide to referencing academic work’ [online] (cited 14th February 2013) available from http://www.bristol.ac.uk/arts/exercises/referencing/referencing%20skills/page_01.htm University of Cardiff (2013) ‘Citing and Referencing in the Harvard Style’, [online] (cited 13th February 2013) available from http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/insrv/resources/guides/inf057.pdf University of Cardiff (2013) ‘Referencing in the MHRA Style’, [online] (cited 13th February 2013) available from http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/insrv/resources/guides/but028.pdf University of Southampton (2013) ‘Acknowledging Knowledge: an Academic Guide to Referencing’, [online] (cited 13th February 2013) available from http://www.learnwithus.southampton.ac.uk/academicSkills/pdfs/acknowledging_knowledge.pdf How to cite How to Use References in Your Essays, Essay examples

Bloomberg will text free essay sample

Bloomberg will text you a log-in authentication code that you will need to complete your account creation. If you do not have a cell phone, you can select an option to have a Bloomberg representative call the computer operators desk in Mann. The number is 607-255-3240. Provide this number on the form. 5. Once you have submitted the form, you will receive a text almost immediately or a call within 5-10 minutes. (note: If you select the option to call the computer operators desk, the Bloomberg representative will send a confirmation number which you will see on the Bloomberg screen. You will need to read this number off to the representative. ) 6. Login with your newly created login information and you are all set! The Basics Bloomberg is largely a command and mnemonic driven database. This means that you have to enter commands in a certain format, and that there are codes (or mnemonics) to get specific pieces of information. We will write a custom essay sample on Bloomberg will text or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Typically you will have 4 available screens to work from (although more can be added). Select any one of these windows and you can get started. The format Bloomberg prefers is basically the security identifier (usually a ticker) followed by the market (e. . Equity, Commodity, Currency, Treasury). Use the Yellow keys to select the Market. This will take you to that securitys Main Menu. You can then use the mouse to explore for the information you want. As you learn the codes, itll become much faster to go directly to a certain piece of information rather than search through the menu. You can add a code at the end of the command line to go to that piece of information directly. For Financial Analysis it looks like this: GOOG FA Auto-complete If you do not know the Ticker for example, you can start typing in the Company Name, nd Auto-complete will give you a number of options to select from. For example, if you start typing in Corning (do not hit), a drop down list will appear giving you the name of securities with Corning in the Name (in this case GLW US Equity is the main page for Corning). You can also use Auto-complete to fgure out some of the codes. For example GOOG PIE will give you several options for viewing the Price to Earnings ratio for Google. Bloomberg University The Command based system that Bloomberg uses does take some getting used to. Because of this, they have developed an in-depth, 8 video training program called the Bloomberg Essentials Training Program (or Bloomberg University). To get there, type in BIJ in the command line and select the View Training Videos Option. There are 4 Core Videos that are recommended for everyone; Getting Started, News, Market Monitors and Excel. There are also 4 Market videos with details on searching for securities in that Market. These are Equity, Fixed Income, Commodity and Forex (or Acknowledgement of Completion (Certification) There are 5 exams that you can take in Bloomberg University that test your understanding of the Database and to some extent the content. There is a single exam that matches with the 4 Core Videos, then a single exam for each of the 4 major Market Sectors.

Inventions and Discoveries

Introduction Invention can be defined as a final result of imagination which could have originated from a mere conception or from experimental researches. Discovery on the other hand is initial or primary acquisition of a given idea or information by an individual.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Inventions and Discoveries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As invention gives credit to the person who performed the act as the actual source of the conception, discovery is a credit to any other person who comes across an idea for the first time with respect to himself or herself. Invention is therefore a special primary discovery. This paper seeks to discuss some of the significant discoveries that were made as a result of the inventions of the telescope and the microscope. The paper will look into the history of the discoveries and their effects in the development of the human well beings as well as the enha ncement of the human understanding of the surrounding nature in terms of changing the traditions and the society. Discoveries due to Invention of the Microscope The invention of microscope occurred in the sixteenth century. Believed to have been invented in Netherlands, the technology of the microscope was developed over time by the improvement on the lenses and other features of the microscope. Some of the significant discoveries made through the use of microscopes include the discovery of yeast fungus by Louis Pasteur and the discovery of cells that led to the cell theory (Microscopy, n.d). The Discovery of Yeast Fungus The discovery of yeast fungus is attributed to Louis Pasteur who was a French national. Born in the year 1822, Louis was schooled to advanced levels of education even though most of his teachers didn’t think of him as worth the higher levels of education. Louis Pasteur was the first personality to lay down the foundation of fermentation. He illustrated in hi s discovery the process by which yeast aids the process in which alcohol can be obtained from sugar. In his discovery, Louis disapproved the initial perception that the process of brewing alcohol from sugar was a purely a chemical process rather than a biological process.Advertising Looking for research paper on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the discovery, he demonstrated that yeast is living organisms that can undertake a process of anaerobic respiration that yields fermentation (Science, 2011). The discovery made by Louis that established yeast as the driving engine behind the brewing of alcohol changed the traditional perception that the brewing process was chemical. It had been previously assumed and believed that the process of brewing alcohol was primarily a chemical reaction. The assumption of the chemical process in the conversion of sugar into alcohol subsequently covered a lot of risks that alcohol expo sed people to as a result of its bacterial components. In the discovery, it was realized that the fermentation process was infested by a number of disease causing micro organisms that included bacteria, fungi and a number of yeast species. As a result of the presence of disease causing organism in the fermentation process, steps were taken by another scientist to eliminate these organisms from yeast. The success of this elimination strategy allowed for a brewing process that was free from the micro organisms apart from the yeast. There were further studies and successes in the refining of the fermentation process which was fueled by Louis’ discovery of the yeast as the basis of fermentation. The move saw the development of the brewing industry and the elimination of disease causing organisms as components of alcohol. By so doing, the discovery by Louis improved the welfare of people by setting a stage upon which their health was taken care of. The elimination of the bacteria and the other organisms from yeast and further developments of the brewing process had the positive effects of eliminating the diseases and medical complications that were caused by these micro organisms. The discovery of the yeast further led to development of the knowledge of the biological sector of micro organisms and the subject of anaerobic respiration (Khachatourians and Arora, 2002).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Inventions and Discoveries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Discovery of Cells and the Cell Theory The discovery of cells was made by an English man called Robert Hook. Hook, after designing and upon using a microscope, made an observation in 1665 of substances whose composition he expressed as numerous little boxes. He named the little boxes as cells derived from the Latin meaning of â€Å"little room†. The discovery made by Hook broke the traditional belief that had exist ed among people that human body is one whole and uniform substance. Hook on the contrary brought people to the realization that a human body is made up of small tiny substances called cells. It has further been established that cells are the primary building elements of organisms (Crown, 2003). The discovery of cells, after a number of studies led to the establishment of the cell theory. The concept of the cell theory explained that â€Å"organisms are composed of similar units of organization called cells† (Meisler, 2006, p. 1). Having its history from as early as 1838, the theory described the cell as distinct element with its own features and as a component of a bigger structure which is the organism. The cell theory established the facts that living organisms are composed of these elementary cells, that the cells in the organisms are both structural elements and functional components of the organisms; cells are genetic with features that are transmitted during cell divisi on and that the cells have similar composition. The establishment of the cell theory, however, originates from the discovery of cells by Hook which was facilitated by the invention of the microscope. The discovery of cells refuted the earlier perception that the body organs were a uniform mass of substance. The discovery on the contrary illustrated that the structural organs of organisms are composed of small cells that together forms the organs or body parts. The discovery subsequently led the advancement of knowledge through further discoveries and studies about cells and the organs that they form. The extension of the discovery and the study of the cells to the discovery and study of the nucleus by Brown and the further exploration of the components of cell, types of cells such as the reproductive cells and the DNA cells have been explorations in the subject of biology. The study of the human anatomy which also originated from the discovery of cells has led to discoveries and imp rovement of human health through discovery of medicines that help in preserving human health. The cell discovery though a small ancient innovation, has developed to be the core of human health (Meisler, 2006).Advertising Looking for research paper on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Discoveries due to the Invention Telescope The invention of the telescope is, according Fowler (n.d.), officially attributed Galileo. The invention was formerly made by a man called Roger Bacon who failed to obtain a patent for his invention on the grounds that his innovation was too simple and could be easily reproduced. Galileo then later in his experiments discovered an improvement on the knowledge that pre existed. In his innovation, Galileo realized that the magnifying power highly depended on the ratio of the strengths of two lenses used in the system, the concave and the convex lenses. After his discovery and modifications, Galileo was granted tenure over the developments (Fowler, n.d.). The Dark Energy The invention of telescope opened the universe for study by astrologists. With a clearer and better view of the universe by aid of the telescope, many discoveries have since been made about the features of the universe and the changes that are taking place. One of the stunning discoveries made was the observation of the dark energy. Dark energy is a feature of the space. According to NASA (n.d.), the dark energy is exerting an effective force that is greatly accelerating the expansion of the universe. The discovery of the dark energy and the expansion of the universe posed a challenge to the previous theory of gravitational force. Under the theory of force of gravity, there would be no expansion of the universe as the force exerts an attraction towards the center. This discovery of the dark matter has further triggered the study into the universe by casting doubts on the centrifugal theory (NASA, n.d.). Walker (2010) expressed the fear that the extensiveness and totality of the dark energy in the universe which has a negative implication on the strength of the gravitational force yields a reason for worry. He recounted that scientists consider the dark energy to be a threat to the universe, though they estimate that the universe still has billions of yea rs of existence. The discovery is greatly developing the understanding of the state of the universe as more effort is being made to understand the effects of the dark energy. The dark energy is still more of a mystery but could turn out to be advantageous or dangerous to the welfare of people. More of its nature and effects are yet to be discovered (Walker, 2010). Planetary Nebulae The planetary nebulae have their history of discovery dating from the eighteenth century. The name nebula was accorded to these matters owing to their similarities to the color of Uranus and Neptune. The nebulae are gaseous substances with a fuzzy view and a recognized level of symmetry (Kwok, 2007). Their discovery added to the richness of the study of the universe. The ability to identify and view planetary nebulae was basically due to the existence of the telescope that has exposed the universe to exploration. Their discovery further led to advanced study that led to the revelation of how they are form ed, their properties and their distribution. The discovery can therefore be similarly credited with enhancement of human knowledge of the universe in general, and that about the planetary nebulae in particular. The knowledge of the formation of the planetary nebulae for example illustrates that evolution of a star leads to emission of a great wind. An instability created in the process leads to the breakage of the outer layer of the star. This results in hot substances that can then be seen as a glowing disc. An important idea noted about the planetary nebulae is the fact that they are reabsorbed into the â€Å"interstellar medium†. This means that the emissions in the process of the formation of the nebulae do not spread to the earth. This has a significant importance to the general inhabitants of the earth considering the fact that some of the foreign emissions into the earth’s atmosphere are normally dangerous with adverse side effects. An illustrative example is th e harmful ultra violet radiations into the atmosphere. The knowledge of the reabsorbing these emissions into their systems is a relief that builds confidence in people concerning their safety and welfare on earth. The discovery of the planetary nebulae has therefore promoted the development of knowledge through furthering studies and invention as well as stabilizing fears of external threats to the earth’s atmosphere (Darling, n.d.). Conclusion The world of discoveries and inventions has been in existence for over centuries. The inventions have been diverse covering both theories and instruments. The discoveries and inventions are on their merits spontaneous processes with one step leading to a chain of further discoveries and inventions. An illustration is seen in the invention of the telescope and the microscope that further led to discoveries of elements like the brewing process, the cell theory, the dark matter as well as the planetary nebulae of the space. These discover ies have in one way or the other developed the human knowledge by furthering studies and as well enhanced the well being of people either socially or in terms of health. References Crown. (2003). The discovery of cells. Strengthening Teaching and Learning of Cells. Retrieved from: https://www.google.com/url?sa=tsource=webcd=6ved=0CFUQFjAFurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.school-portal.co.uk%2FGroupDownloadFile.asp%3FGroupId%3D20629%26ResourceId%3D184101rct=jq=discovery%20of%20cellsei=OjiCTdelPI3W4gb8yvyACQusg=AFQjCNFNfuZDr4M94GIIv9XIXZxe2guWLgcad=rja Darling, D. ( n.d.). Planetary nebula. David darling Info. Retrieved from: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/P/planneb.html Fowler, M. (n.d.). Galileo and the Telescope. University of Virginia. Retrieved from: http://galileoandeinstein.physics.virginia.edu/lectures/galtel.htm Khachatourians, G. and Arora, K. (2002). Agriculture and Food Production, Volume 2. Netherlands: Elsevier. Kwok, S. (2007). Planetary nebulae. ScholarPedia. Retrieved f rom: http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Planetary_nebulae Meisler, C. (2006). Cell Theory and Cell Organelles. Bemidjistate. Retrieved from: http://www.bemidjistate.edu/academics/departments/science/k12-science-units/Celll-theoy-and-organelles-biology.pdf Microscopy. (n.d.). The history of the microscope. Microscopy. Retrieved from: http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/intro/histo.html NASA. (n.d.). Dark energy, dark matter. Science NASA. Retrieved from: http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-is-dark-energy/ Science. (2011). Louis Pasteur. All About Science. Retrieved from: http://www.allaboutscience.org/louis-pasteur-faq.htm Walker, L. (2010). Will Dark Energy Destroy the Earth? Retrieved from: http://www.ucg.org/commentary/will-dark-energy-destroy-earth.htm This research paper on Inventions and Discoveries was written and submitted by user Paula E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Power of Children in the Tourism Industry

Power of Children in the Tourism Industry Introduction Across the world, tourism is a major economic activity, which contributes significantly to the economic growth of many countries that have tourist attractions. Since people are social beings, they like travelling to various tourism destinations as tourists.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Power of Children in the Tourism Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since routine schedules of workplace and businesses are boring, people use tourism as a means of rejuvenating, gaining motivation, and reflecting about their lives. Over the recent past, tourism has experienced outstanding changes in terms of consumers and their preferences. One of the main entrants into the tourism and hospitality market is the set of consumers that comprise of families and young children. As opposed to the past, where fathers made major decisions concerning holiday destinations, mothers and children are now active participants in decision-making and even have the power to influence the choice of destinations that families visit during holidays. Therefore, the essay describes the families as potential consumers of tourism products and cites the influence that children have in choosing tourism destinations. Influence of Children in Holiday Decision Making Children are part of the family and make up an influential segment of decision makers in the family and thus they participate actively in decision-making. Remarkably, the number of families that visit tourist destinations and hospitality facilities has risen over the recent past to a significant level. The rising demand for tourism and hospitality products that cater for the needs of families has led to shifts and adjustments in various establishments, which provide tourism and hospitality products in the quest to meet family expectations.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some of the ways that children affect the decisions that families make on holiday destinations include their preferences, purchasing decision, buying behaviours, choice of locations, accommodations, activities, and influences from their peers. According to Blichfeldt et al. (2010), children have varied preferences in terms of location and activities, as well as the types of products that they like consuming. These differences usually determine the holiday choices of parents since they have to consider the differences when making decision about holiday destinations. Purchasing decisions and buying behaviours of children are different from that of adults. As opposed to adults, who do not engage in impulse buying, children tend to purchase various products irrespective of the holiday budget. Additionally, children love products such as snacks and games, which may not be in the set of adult preferences. Due to the existing differences in buying patter ns and behaviours, families decide holiday destinations to visit based on the differences. Several hospitality and tourism establishments are currently aligning their services so that they can provide services that do not only meet requirements of adults, but also satisfy the needs of children (Kang, Hsu, Wolfe 2003). The alignment of services by hospitality and tourism facilities happens because children are currently among the major consumers of tourism products. The influence of children in families has compelled several families to visit those destinations that offer services, which match the desires of both adults and children. Children influence the choice of locations, accommodation facilities, and the type of activities that families engage in during the holiday. The influence that children exert transpires because of the diverse tastes, likes, and dislikes of adults and children.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Power of Children in the Tourism Ind ustry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Families that are on holidays usually try to ensure that each individual in the family enjoys the holiday. Therefore, families prefer visiting a destination that has the facilities, which satisfy adult and child requirements. Theme parks, arboretums and other tourism facilities and establishments, which offer services such as face painting and bouncing castles, make up the main types of destinations that families prefer visiting. Conversely, destinations that only meet requirements of adults receive several adults as opposed to families. Philips, Canter, and Abbott (2011) argue that the numbers of hotels that provide family facilities are increasing in several tourism and hospitality establishments. The power of children in families implies that they dictate the locations that families visit, the type of accommodation facilities, and the type of activities that families undertake during the holiday. Pee r influence is another factor that affects the choice of holidays among families, especially children. Since children are vulnerable to influences and coercions from their friends, they are likely to use the pressure from friends to determine holiday destination for families. Children can compel a family to visit a destination that their colleagues visit, as they need the company of their friends and peers. As a result, children are currently dictating the choices that families make concerning the locations and places to visit during holidays (Marino 2003). In some instances, families compromise their likes and preferences with a view of satisfying the needs and demands of their children. The compromise that parents make regarding their preferences and needs evidently outlines the force and power that children have on the holiday choices.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Probability of Common Decision Making Due to the diverse perceptions, motives and interests towards tourism and hospitality establishments, parents and children often vary in terms of locations to visit. The variance can lead to dissatisfaction among parties in the family, who feels oppressed or undermined in line with the choice of place or holiday destination (Boterhill Haven 2003). However, there is a chance of families coming to a mutual agreement on the destination that they want to visit during the holiday. Compromise, involvement, safety, and attractions are some of the factors that families can use to achieve a common decision on the place to visit. Since it is impossible to satisfy the needs of all individuals in a family, parents can compromise and adjust their perceptions, likes, and preferences so that they ensure that their children enjoy their holiday and the choices they make. Families can involve their children in the decision-making process as it enables them to un derstand various needs and expectations that their children have concerning the choice of place to visit during holidays. Poor participation of children in families on aspects like holiday destinations results in assumptions from parents, who believe that a certain place is good for their children when children hold contrary opinions. Therefore, it is very crucial to involve all the stakeholders in the family, which are the children and parents, in holiday decision-making. When all individuals in a family take part in the decision-making process and present their opinions, feelings of satisfaction and fulfilment develops in their minds. The feelings develop because the individuals know that other people in the family respect and honour their points of view. According to Goh et al. (2010), every individual has diverse opinions and perspectives on the types of tourism products that they love consuming. Therefore, child involvement in decision-making is very instrumental in achieving a common decision in the choice of place to visit during family holidays. Safety is another factor that compels families to make a common decision as it overrides personal preferences and likes. Regardless of the tourism and hospitality products offered by a tourism attraction, insecurity renders the subject location unsuitable for tourism. Children and parents in the family opt to visit destinations, which are safe and secure for the safety of their families is crucial factor that they cannot overlook. Onder, Yoldorom, and Ozdemir (2013) explain that safety is one of the major factors that determine consumer’s choices of tourism locations. Presence of insecurity in a destination drives tourists away from the region because it is a push factor in tourism. Travel advisories, and embassies are very important in the passage of information to the society on safe locations to visit. The common agreement is obtainable in the context of safety because parents and children believe in the importance of peace and tranquillity and loathe the outcomes orchestrated by insecurity. External Factors that Prompt Holiday Decision-Making Families just like other types of tourists respond in similar ways to externalities that affect other tourists in decision-making. Some of the externalities that affect families in deciding the locations to visit include induced image of a destination, push and pull factors, pricing, and flexibility of tourism and hospitality establishments. Families are likely to visit regions or establishments that have good reputation and image. Good reputation and image emerge due to the services provided by the facilities to consumers, who market them through a word of mouth to other potential consumers (Bjork Jansson 2008). The marketing image that a destination receives from past consumers and the level of advertisement influence the willingness of consumers, especially families. It is imperative to understand that the image of a destination is dep endent on factors such as security, economy, and the interrelationships among countries that service providers cannot manipulate or change. Push and pull factors are those factors that either drive tourists away from the tourist attraction or bring them to the attraction. Goodrich (2014) asserts that the push factors scare tourists away from the attraction, while the pull factors attract tourists to an attraction. Insecurity and conflicts among countries, recession, language barriers, and the inflations are some of the push factors that increase unwillingness of families to visit certain tourist destinations. On the other hand, good relationships among countries, economic balance, and good security are among the factors that increase the willingness and the tendency of families to visit and consume tourism products in subject regions. Remarkably, push and pull factors are not within the control of service providers in the tourism and hospitality industry, and thus, they have no cont rol or power over the factors. Pricing determines the choice of destination that families choose to visit because families are among the types of tourists, who value their money and need effective utility. As opposed to past consumers, who focussed on the quantity of products that facilities offered, modern consumers emphasise on the quality of the services in relation to their attached value (Marino 2003). In this regard, consumers often go for services that promise value for their money. Costs associated with labour and raw materials determine the price charged on a good or service. The rise in cost of raw materials causes a corresponding increase in the cost of production (Ballantyne Packer 2009). The increase compels service providers to increase the cost of services that they offer. The fact that food prices and the prices of other tourist services like sightseeing and transport depend on the changes in the economy and global product prices implies that service providers have very little influence on the price. Flexibility of service providers in the tourism and hospitality industry is one of the essential factors that influence families using certain facilities and consume the services offered. If a facility is flexible, then it quickly adjusts to the prevailing consumer requirements and provides consumers with what they expect, and thus, satisfy them (Ballantyne Packer 2009). Tourism destinations also need to be flexible so that they can deliver what is best for the consumers, who comprise of children and adults. When families realise that a destination quickly adopts modern technologies and copes with their changing requirements, their willingness to visit the destination increases. According to Fuller et al. (2007), consumers in the tourism and hospitality industries are very trendy and ever changing, therefore, service providers in the industry must be flexible and adaptive. The need for flexibility in hospitality and tourism establishments is due to the changes that consumers portray in the industry, which are unstoppable, uncontrollable, and unpredictable. Conclusion In the recent past, a new type of tourism has developed in the field of tourism. The new type of tourism comprises of families, which are increasingly travelling to various destinations and consuming the services provided by the establishments of tourism and hospitality. As a new entrant in the tourism and hospitality market, families pose a challenge to the industry since they require the creation of new facilities that cater for the requirements of children and adults. Remarkably, children have also changed the choice of holiday destinations that families visit as they dictate the families to choose places that meet their needs and preferences. References Ballantyne, R, Packer, J 2009, ‘Trends in Tourism Research’, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 149-152. Bjork, P, Jansson, T 2008, ‘Travel Decision Making: The Role of Habi t’, An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 11-34. Blichfeldt, B, Johansen, A, Pederson, B, Hansen, L 2010, ‘Teens and Vacation Decision Making’, Journal of Tourism Consumption and Practice, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-20. Boterhill, D, Haven, C 2003, ‘Virtual Learning Environment in Hospitality, Leisure, Tourism, and Sport’, Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport, and Tourism Education, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 75-92. Fuller, D, Wilde, S, Henlon, J, Mason, S, Armstrong, B 2007, ‘Destination Choice An Exploratory Examination of Visitor Behaviour in Coastal Tourism Destination on Australia’s East Coast’, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 45-52. Goh, D, Ang, R, Lee, C, Lee, K 2010, ‘Determining Services for the Mobile Tourists’, Journal of Computer Information Systems, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 31-40. Goodrich, J 2014, ‘The Relationships between Preferences and Percepti ons of Vacations, Destination: Application of a Choice Model’, Journal of Travel Research, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 8-13. Kang, S, Hsu, C, Wolfe, K 2003, ‘Family Traveller Segmentation by Vacation Decision Making Patterns’, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 448-469. Marino, E 2003, ‘The Strategic Dimension of a Destination Image. An Analysis from the Italian Tourists Perceptions’, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 47-67. Onder, E, Yoldorom, B, Ozdemir, M 2013, ‘Multi-Criteria Approach for Evaluating Tourism Destinations in Turkey’, Academic Journal of Tourism and Management Research, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-15. Philips, W, Canter, D, Abbott, J 2011, ‘Hospitality and Tourism Research Ranking’, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 381-416.

The Effect of Capital Structure on Share Prices based on the FTSE 100 Essay

The Effect of Capital Structure on Share Prices based on the FTSE 100 - Essay Example Further analysis of the literature has revealed that besides Market Value, the debt levels of the firm as well as the earnings offered to investors are other influential factors that determine the stock price. This paper aims to construct a regression model for the stock price of most FTSE 100 firms by accommodating these three parameters as variables. Further, the paper contains an elaborate statistical analysis to improve the model and remove any inconsistencies. Studies on Corporate Finance by researchers like Kevin (2006) have debated over the consequences of examining the fragmentation of the firm’s capital structure into various organizational parameters and have expressed the possibilities of analyzing their individual and collective influences on the movement of related share prices and their ultimate impact on returns to shareholders. A company’s capital structure consists of a multitude of assets in the form of equity, debt and other securities, each of which are included into the structure in proportions deemed necessary and sufficient by the firm. Studies by Modigliani and Miller (1958) conducted studies which demonstrate that in scenarios where the investment decisions are fairly stable, the market value of the firm stands invariant to its capital structure composition assuming that the financial markets are perfect in nature (i.e., markets comprising perfect competition and no friction) and provide tax-free returns. Further, Kleinbaum (2008) has shown that in cases where there is an additional component of protective debt covenants, the market value of the firm’s securities is not influenced by any changes in the capital structure. However, the value of the firm and the invariance of the security values can be vulnerable to taxation both at the firm as well as individual levels. This is also true in the case of debt covenants that are

Master Morality And Slave Morality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Master Morality And Slave Morality - Essay Example In master morality â€Å"bad† stands for â€Å"lowly†, â€Å"despicable† and it refers to people who are inconsequential and cowardly. In Nietzsche’s opinion, â€Å"bad† always concerns the idea of what is useful and never concentrates what is grant or great. On the other hand, Nietzsche established his ideology of good and bad based on persons and their actions. The doctrine of master morality constitutes the theory that the master generates value. Nietzsche introduces slave morality as a counter treatment against master morality and mentions that slave morality begins when Master morality is rejected. Slave morality always promotes the ‘nay- saying’ people and their attitudes. If the characteristics of a person are ‘evil,’ the better thing is its absence in a person’s life. In contrasting Master or noble morality, slave morality at all times encourages unassuming nature and patience. In addition, it is obvious that slave morality give confidence, the human virtues such as kindness, sympathy and humility among the people. Analyzing Nietzsche’s views about good and bad, one can come across some distinctions in their acceptance. In his view, good originates from self- confirmation and it is considered as the celebration of a person’s greatness, virtue and power. ‘Good’ stands for glorious and proud status of human mind whereas, bad always reveals lowly or despicable which enriches the concept what is useful, rather than what is great or virtue. The encounter between good and bad permits one to identify a hierarchy of people, the noble and great masters or aristocracy and common folk. Mater morality differentiates good and bad which underline the role of good and bad in human life. Good and noble person has kept the status of ‘fullness’ through his entire life and helps his fellow being with the help of distinct qualities like wealth, power and ability. â⠂¬ËœBad’ always disquiets irrelevance and forwardness among the people and it forces one to act as more cowardice, aggressive and irrelevant when good and noble person exposed his gratitude. Unlike the encounter between good and bad, good and evil is differentiated by slave morality. Simon May observes that â€Å"What is evil is absolutely negative and must be annulled if the good is to endure† (May, 2011, p.196). In this juncture, one can see that good concentrates human glory and proud. Whenever a person lost his master morality, he would express some signs of humility, sympathy and patience. ‘Evil’ strictly challenges the perceptible happiness of a noble man and it protest the noble or master morality through upholding humbleness and extreme patience, Nietzsche observes that ‘good’ requires the higher status of master morality among the people while, ‘evil’ demands to enhance the idea that morality is equivalent for all. Examin ing the attitude of Roman rulers towards slaves, Nietzsche introduced some innovative concepts about values. Nietzsche had established a new concept named ‘ressentiment’ which provided a new strategy of control, foster cowardice and the power for the compensatory pleasures. Bill Reynolds identifies that â€Å"Ressentiment is a state of repressed feeling and desire, which becomes generative of values† (Reynolds, n.d.). At present, ressentiment became an effective strategy for â€Å"

Brand Loyalty for the Apple iPhone in the UK Market Dissertation

Brand Loyalty for the Apple iPhone in the UK Market - Dissertation Example It is a multinational company that produces consumer electronics, personal computers and business-to-business (B2B) computer software products. Incorporated in 1977, Apple has since evolved throughout the technological revolution, maintaining a significant competitive advantage in key target markets against other large technology companies such as Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Samsung, and many other successful technology-focused companies domestically and internationally. The company’s 2011 Annual Report boasts sales volumes of $10.8 billion, an increase of over $4 billion in one year (Apple 2012). This further represents growth of over six billion USD since 2009. How does Apple Inc. accomplish these sales successes and continue to maintain such high market share with its technology products in a highly dynamic, evolutionary and competitive marketplace? Throughout the recent years (2007-2012), Apple Inc. has become a profoundly adept marketing agency that understands the dynamics of consumer lifestyle and attitude, and thus produces advertising and promotional material that appeals to these values and needs. With the launch of the firm’s iPhone 1 in 2007, Apple has achieved significant brand loyalty for its innovative smartphone designs and concepts from customers that appreciate its competitive features, user-friendly design, and diverse systems and options. With each new release of the iPhone product, currently moving through its fifth evolution with the recent launch of the iPhone5, Apple continues to delight its target customers that have a strong preference for this brand.

The Traveling Salesman Problem Computer Science Essay

The Traveling Salesman Problem Computer Science Essay Travelling sales man problem is one of the challenging problems in the real life and also most well studied combinatorial optimization problem. Many Researches from different fields like operational research, algorithms design and including artificial intelligence attract by it. This problem has been studied by different researches and come up with different solutions and this problem has been solved by using different algorithms like Blind search, Branch and Bound Search , Heuristic algorithm and Genetic algorithms etc. the problem was formulated as a mathematical problem in 1930 and later it is used as bench mark for many optimal solution. 1.1 TRAVELING SALESMAN PROBLEM: A Travelling salesman has a task of visiting N number of cities. He will start from a home location and want to visit each city just once and return back to the original location from where he starts. Travelling salesman route will be plan in such a way that in a given N number of cities cost of travelling from one city to any other city what is the minimum round trip route that visit each city once and then return to the starting place. The goal is to find the shortest tour that visit each city in a given cities exactly ones and then return to the starting city. The only solution to the travelling salesman problem is to calculate and compare the length of all possible ordered combinations. 1.2 History of travelling salesman problem: The travelling salesman problem was treated by a Irish mathematician sir William Rowan Hamilton and British mathematician Thomas Penyngton kirkman in the early 1800s. Hamilton and kirkman work on game called Hamilton Icosian game that requires player to complete tours through 20 points using only the specified connections. The general form of the travelling salesman problem studied by mathematician Karl menger during 1930s. He defines the problem using brute force algorithms and observed nearest neighbour heuristic non optimality. Soon after the name travelling salesman problem introduced by hassler Whitney at princeton university. In the 1940s the Travelling salesman problem was studied by statisticians Mahalanobiss, Jessen, Gosh, Marks. Among them P.C .Mahalanobiss took a sample survey of acreage under jute in Bengal discussed aspects of travelling salesman solutions through randomly chosen locations in the Euclidean plane. And this work is deal with survey of form lands one of the major cost to carrying out the survey was the transport ion of men equipment from one survey point to next. During the period between 1950s and 1960 the problem becomes more popular in scientific group in Europe and USA. a number of solutions designed by George B.Dantzing, Fulkerson and Johnson(1954) . in 1954 Heller publi shed an 88 report which contains many basic solutions on the travelling salesman polytype. In 1957 L.L.Barachet published graphic solution of travelling salesman problem which describes an enumeration scheme for computing near optimal tours. In 1964 R.L Karg and G.L. Thompson were applied heuristic algorithm for a 57 city problem. During the period R.M Karp and M.Held published an article about the travelling salesman and minimum spanning tree which introduced one tree relaxation of the travelling salesman problem and using node weights to improve the bound given by optimal tree. In 1990s Bixby and Cook developed the programme for travelling salesman problem which are using recently. 2.0 GRAPH: 2.1 Travelling salesman problem modelled as graph: Travelling salesman problem can be modelled as Graph where as the cities are the graph vertices, path is graph edges and path distance is edge distance. Our goal is to find the shortest tour that visits each city in a given graph exactly ones and then return to the starting city. 3.0 Search Algorithms: To solve travelling salesman problem we can use different types of algorithms like blind search, heuristic algorithms, uniform cost search etc 3.1 Blind search: Blind search algorithms are such algorithms which does not contain domain knowledge of the problem and it search blindly, hence it is called blind search algorithm. The only thing a blind search can do is it describes a non goal state from goal state. Assume that you are at city A and you want to reach at city D, if we draw a search tree level 1: city E, city B, city C. a blind search will have no idea which node should explore first, hence it explore each and every node blindly. In blind search we may not get information we can use. We just be looking for an answer and we wonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t no until we found it. The blind search is also called as un informed search. Blind search is divided into two searches Algorithm they are 1) Breadth first search and 2) Depth first search 3.2 Breadth first search: Breadth first search is a search which starts at one node and it expands the all the neighbour node then after completing those nodes, it expands remaining nodes unexpanded it process is continues up to reaching a goal. The technique followed by breadth first search is FIFO first in first out) queue, the difference between breadth first and depth first search is, the depth first uses stack i.e. LIFO (last in first out). In this logic the items which are added is equal to the item which are deleted. This process continues up to reach a goal. 3.3 Depth first search: Depth first search is a general technique for traversing a graph. The technique which organise the to Do list was stack that is last in first out (LIFO). Depth first search start at one node and it explore as far as possible along each branch until a required goal node is found. Then it takes backtracking and return to the next node which it hasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t finished exploring and it keep on repeat the same procedure until it reaches to its goal. If Depth first search goes down a infinite branch and if it does not find a goal state or if it does not find the solution may be a better solution at a higher level in tree. Therefore depth first search is neither complete nor optimal. ALGORITHM: INPUT : A connected graph G ,a starting vertex 1 OUTPUT: An ordered spannig tree T of graph G with root vertex 1 Initialize tree as vertex 1 Initialize S as the set of proper edges incident on vertex 1 While s not equal to null Let e = dfs next edge(G,S). Let w be the non tree end point of edge e. Add edge e and vertex w to tree T. Update Frontier(G,S). Return Tree T. 4.0 DEPTH FIRST SEARCH APPLY TO GRAPH STARTING AT NODE 1: For the above tree diagram we are using Depth first search, from the graph the sales man starts at node a and visits each node and return to original node Step1: from node 1 there is a three ways to travel i.e. node 2, node3 and node5 in level 2 Step2: by following depth first search condition LIFO it expands node 2 until the goal reach So for node 2 there is a two ways to travel i.e. node5 and node4 there is only one way for sales man to reach node 3 so this is not minimal path to travel. After expanding first branch sales man reaches node 3 from node 3 sales man reaches node4 With path length of 8 and from node 4 he reaches node2 with path length of 5 and from node 2 sales man reaches node5 with path length of 6 then length of whole sub tree is 27. After expanding of second branch sales man expands node 5, from node 5 sales man travels node 2 with path length of 6 then from node2 sales man reaches node 4 with path length of 5 From node 4 sales man reaches node 3 path length of 8.then length of whole sub tree is 26 Here we follow the condition that sales man will not visit those not which have already visited. the left vertices in the graph are chosen before right, from above to roots the minimum spanning tree path is 1-5-2-4-3 =26.this is the best minimum root for sales man to visit each city started at city1. 4.1 DEPTH FIRST SEARCH APPLYING TO THE GRAPH STARTING AT NODE 2: For the above tree diagram we are applying depth first search on which sales man starting at node 2. From starting city we have three ways to travel i.e. node 1, node4 and node5. From node 1 sales man has again to two ways to travel i.e. node3 and node5.from node 3 it reaches node 4. but here if we want to visit node5 we have to backtrack again it will not satisfy the condition visiting a city once so we didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t reach goal here sales man expands neighbour node 4, from node 4 sales man reaches node 3 with path length of 8, then sales man processed to node 1with path length of 8, then sales man visits node 5 from node 1 with path length of 7. The length of whole sub tree is 2-4-3-1-5=28. After expanding node4 travel sales man moves to node 5, from node 5 he reaches node1 path length of 7,from node 1 sales man reaches node 3 the path length of 8 and he proceeds to node 4 from node 3 with path length of 8,then whole length of sub tree is 2-5-1-3-4=29. Here sales man follow the condition that visiting each city, then the the best minimum cost route starting at node 2 is 2-4-3-1-5=28. 5.0 INFORMED SEARCH: Informed search is an estimate availability of the distance (cost) from each node(city) to the goal. This estimation will help you to head into the correct direction. The outline of inform search are heuristic search, best first search, greedy search and A* search 5.1 Heuristic search: Heuristic uses domain specific knowledge to estimate the quality or potential of partial solution .A heuristic search that find a good solution in less time comparing to blind search but not always find best solution. This search is very much useful for solving big problem which may may not solved by using other search and this search generate a possible solution which can be either route from the initial location or goal in the problem. For travelling salesman problem the nearest neighbour heuristic work well, but some time due to the arrangement of cites it will not find the shortest route. 5.2 Best first search: Best first search is a general approach of the tree search algorithm. In which it expand a nodes which is based upon a evaluation function. The estimation of cost is constructed as evaluation function then the node with minimum evaluation is expanded first. A best search is a combination of both breadth first search and depth search, a breath first is good because it will not go deeper and the depth first search is best because it can be found without searching all the nodes, hence the best first search allows us to gain benefit both the approaches 5.3 Greedy search: Greedy search select the path that has lowest heuristic value or estimated distance to the goal. Greedy search is a example of best first strategy, and it some cases like depth breast search I may never find the solution and greedy search is not optimal solution take into costly paths . This can be happen in the last step or in the first step. 5.4 A* search: The most widely known form of best first search is called a* search or best first search is simplified as A*search. The evaluation of nodes is carried in A* search was combination of g(n) the cost reached and h(n) the cost get from the node to the goal f(n)=g(n)+h(n) Here f(n) estimate cost of cheapest solution through node n, A* search is both complete and optimal which is identical to uniform cost search. From the above equation: g(n) is the total length between starting place to current location. h(n) is estimated length from current location to goal. A heuristic function which estimate how much distance it takes to reach goal. f(n) is the sum of g(n) and h(n) .then this will be a current estimated shortest path which founds until a A* algorithm is completed. A* Algorithm: A* Algorithm starts with initial nodes then it will take the best node on open such that f(n)=g(n)+h(n) is minimum. If Best is a goal node quit then return to the path from the intial to best or remove the best from open and all among best node naming each node with its path from initial node. 6.0 A* Algorithm applying for given graph: from the above graph , it shows that the node 1 is the initial node where salesman starts and reaches the node 3 which is the current location . then sum of the distance between initial to current location is consider as g (n) ie 1-5-2-4-3= 26.then the estimated length from current location to the goal is consider as h(n) ie 8 and then total minimal distance of path is A*=1-5-2-4-3-1=34 Then this is the minimal path in which salesman can travel starting at node 1. 7.0 Comparison table for depth first search and A* algorithm Algorithm Domain knowledge Memory space Minimum route Time complexity efficient Depth first search It doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t contain domain knowledge more It find after complete search It takes more time less A* search It contain domain knowledge less It has information about it It takes less time more 8.0 CONCLUSION: The Idea of Travel sales man problem has much application in different fields .To Find best routes of travelling salesman we are used two algorithms they are Depth First search and A* Algorithm. Hence we conclude that A* algorithm is more efficient then depth first search algorithm, the time complexity of depth first is more comparing to A* search and it takes less memory space comparing to depth first search. Depth first search algorithm is more suitable finding minimum tour for limited number of cities, because if we take 50 to 100 cites depth first search expands each node of a tree to reach to the goal which is time consuming and memory waste.

reasonable doubt :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A Burden Worth Having I don’t quite remember what I was doing in Baltimore. Suddenly, through a chain of random events, I ended up in jail for grand larceny. Although I was confident of my innocence, even my best friends testified against me. I found no hope in our judicial system. Fortunately, I could escape that situation. My alarm rang, and I woke up. Others, however, don’t have that option. Such is the story of Kirk Bloodsworth. In 1985, he was sent to death row accused of killing and raping a 9-year-old girl from Maryland. In 1992, when DNA testing was in its infancy, Bloodsworth pushed for a DNA test to prove he was not the killer. It was not a match. The state of Maryland set him free and paid him $300,000 for wrongful imprisonment. The government’s burden to prove â€Å"beyond a reasonable doubt† the culpability of a suspect is ideal because it represents the recognition, on the part of the government, that our judicial system is not infallible, as Mr. Bloodsworth’s case points out. When instituted in the late 18th century, the burden of proof was a response to arbitrary arrests for political or economic interests. The government’s decision to enact the burden of proof symbolizes the popular resentment of these violations of liberty. Hence, the principle of â€Å"it is better for 10 guilty men to go free than for one innocent man to go to prison.† The United States has historically promoted the rights of man and liberty. The sentencing of an innocent person not only displays the inefficiency of a government’s judicial system to uphold these values, but also the irreversible damage done to the individual. The pressure that law enforcement officials face from the public to find closure to cases highlight one reason why the burden of proof is essential in the judicial system. When a police department cannot find suspects to charge for a crime, it is then seen as a failure on its part. In October, a rally was organized against the death penalty in Houston, Texas. Amnesty International revealed 180 boxes containing unexamined files with vital information about cases involving prisoners on death row. Potential evidence that could lead to the exoneration from death row of these individuals was not taken into consideration during their trials. This revelation demonstrates how law enforcement officials and the judicial system can carelessly make mistakes and why the burden of proof is necessary.

Family Stress and Their Relation to Academic Performance

Chapter I The Problem and Its Background Introduction The term stress had none of its contemporary connotations before the 1920s. It is a form of the Middle English destresse, derived via Old French from the Latin stringere, â€Å"to draw tight. † It had long been in use in physics to refer to the internal distribution of a force exerted on a material body, resulting in strain. In the 1920s and 1930s, the term was occasionally being used in biological and psychological circles to refer to a mental strain, unwelcome happening, or, more medically, a harmful environmental agent that could cause illness.Stress plays a role in the body, behavior and feelings of people. Stress comes in many forms. Things like our environment, physiological well being, thoughts and social stresses and stress inside our homes can have an effect on learning Stress, particularly family related stress can have an impact on a student’s academic performance. College students have many obstacles to o vercome in order to achieve their finest academic performance. Different stressors such as time management, financial problems, sleep deprivation; social activities can all pose their own threat to a student’s academic performance.The way that academic performance is measured is through the ordinal scale of general weighted average (GWA). A student’s GWA determines many things such as class rank. Much research has been done looking at the correlation of many stress factors that college students’ experience and the effects of stress on their GWA. There are many factors that can cause stress and influence a student’s academic performance and therefore affect his or her overall GWA.A college student may find him or herself in a juggling act, trying to support a family, taking care of job responsibilities, and at the same time trying to make the most of the college career. All of these factors can affect the grades of students, which ultimately affect the res t of their lives. Conceptual Framework Stress is a large part of everyday life. Most stress occurs at busiest moment like at home. It’s one of the most common places for stress to build. Nevertheless stress is unavoidable.According to Marilyn Wedge, a family therapist, stressful situations at home like a parent losing a job, an illness, marital discord, or even conflicts about day-to-day issues may be troubling to a child without the parents even being aware of it. And often children go about trying to solve the family problem in the only way they know which may the cause of stress and, subconsciously or not, the children tend to bring the family problem outside home making the situation worst. These changes can cause health problems if experienced to frequently. If a child is stress the body responds negatively to it.The body often becomes worn down making it more susceptible to becoming sick. Depending on how serious the stress, can determine the severity of its impact. The brain, nerves, and central nervous system interpret stress. There are several side effects that occur from stress. Insomnia is another factor that stress may bring on. This occurs when a child is disrupted with thoughts and questions that drive them crazy and cause an inability to sleep. Chronic pain, headaches and backaches can be stress induced when under pressure. The muscles in these areas become tense under stress.Heart problems are the most common side effect. The pain felt in the chest is tension caused by an oxygen shortage to the heart. Heart attacks occur due to high blood pressure and can be fatal. Some behaviors that child takes part in to reduce or cope with stress may also bring on heart problems. Stress can also hurt emotionally as with depression. Research paradigm is shown on Figure 1. This included the input, the process, and the output. The input contains the profile of the 2nd year Accountancy students of De La Salle Araneta University, the family stress they en counter, and their academic performance.In the process, questionnaires were distributed and observations were conducted to gather relevant information from the respondents. It also included the analy -sis and evaluation of the gathered data and information from the respondents. The output consists of the findings about the effect of family stress to academic performance of the respondents. Figure 1: The schematic paradigm used in the study. Statement of the Problem The purpose of the study was to identify the effects of family stress to the second year accountancy students of De La Salle Araneta University regards to their academic performance.Specifically, the study aims to answer the following questions: a. How may the profile of the second year accountancy students of De La Salle Araneta University be described in terms of gender? b. What are the family experiences/stress and the academic performance base on GWA of the respondents? c. Is there a significant difference between mal e and female students in handling family stress? d. Is there any relationship between family stress and the academic performance of the respondents? HypothesisFamily-related stress has no significant effect on the academic performance of second year Accountancy students at De La Salle Araneta University. Scope and Delimitation This research is delimited only to preparation and evaluation of stress level aimed at correlating the family related stress and academic performance of students through their GWA. The students were asked to complete a survey, including the perceived stress scale. Along with this test the students were asked to complete a demographic data sheet that asked questions such as age and gender, and also their classes and grades the prior semester.The respondents are thirty college Accountancy sophomore students of De La Salle Araneta University (which includes 8 boys and 22 girls) during the 1st semester of academic year 2012-2013. The respondents are chosen randoml y from a block section of Accountancy. Significance of the Study The researchers intend to show the impact of family related stress in the academic performance of second year Accountancy students of De La Salle Araneta University through their General Weighted Average (GWA).Moreover this study, address itself to: the students that they may understand the impact of family related stress in their academic performance and eventually help themselves , to the professors that they may observe the behavior of students and help them through guidance and referral to the University Guidance Office for help, to families, specially the parents and the guardians that they may help their family member cope with stress from its roots (family related stress) and bring out their optimum academic performance, and to interested people in the academe and community that they may gain insights on this research to help people around them understand the possible impact of family-related stress to the acade mic performance of a student, and to other interested individuals that they may find knowledge on this research. Definition of Terms To further understand this research, below are terms used in the research.GWA (General Weighted Average). It is a term that refers to the average of grades in all subjects taken, whether passed or failed. It is the result of combining the performance rating based on the screening criteria or subject. It serves as the indicator of a student's academic performance in a given semester or school year. Stress. It is a term that defined as an organism's total response to environmental demands or pressures. When stress was first studied in the 1950s, the term was used to denote both the causes and the experienced effects of these pressures. More recently, however, the word stressor has been used for the stimulus that provokes a stress response.

Personal Characteristics of Nick Thomas, Charles Henry, and Chairman Lup In Wisdom Sits in Places

The significance of place-names is compounded in the personal characteristics of Nick Thompson, Charles Henry, and Chairman Lup. Although their personal characteristics differ significantly in terms of attitudes and approach to reality, their behavioral orientation are relatively the same. The subscription to a single set of norms (the rules attached to the place-names) ensures a relatively predictable pattern of behavior from the three characters.Hence, one can assume that the behavioral orientation of the three characters stemmed not from their intrinsic characteristics but rather to their personal interpretations of ‘reality. Here, reality takes the form of adjunctive reference to the past, the legacy of place-names. There is a need, however, to look into the personal characteristics (behavioral) of the characters to provide credence to the above-mentioned proposition. Charles is a traditionalist, an individual who clings to the general beliefs and rules of ancient customs. His minimal exposure to the vagrancies of modern life did not affect his behavioral orientation towards customs and tradition. In fact, most of his actions indicate a persona that embraces the beauty and glorious existence of place-names.In page 10 of the book, Charles said to Mosley: What he’s doing isn’t right. It’s not good. He seems to be in a hurry. Why is he in a hurry? It’s disrespectful. Our ancestors made this name. They made it just as it is. They made it for a reason. They spoke it first, a long time ago! He’s repeating the speech of our ancestors. He doesn’t know that. Tell him he’s repeating the speech of our ancestors. Charles’ obsession with mental images and speeches of his ancestors created a personal impression of sturdiness in his character.He refuses to allow changes that will affect his beliefs on place-names. Nick Thompson behavioral orientation is similar to that of Charles Henry. An old man who delighted in telling humorous and often embarrassing stories, his expression is quite mischievous and intimidating. In the tribe though, he is known as the true â€Å"Slim Coyote. † Thompson’s character can be described in four words: serious, generous, intelligent, and outspoken. In anthropology, the character of Nick Thompson exemplifies the character of an ideal elder who teaches the younger generation the essence of existence.In page 43 of the book, he said, â€Å"Start with the names. I will teach you like before. Come back tomorrow morning†¦ White men need paper maps. We have maps on our minds. † Due reference again is made to the highly revered place-names. The Western Apache’s reverence to place-names are generally rooted from the historical value of the place-names themselves. This historical value is imbued in the personal beliefs of every Apache. It can be said that Nick Thompson, by virtue of his age, has strong personal attachment to this histori cal value.In fact, his understanding bear more influence to his behavioral orientation than his actual belief in the place-names themselves. His motto in life is: â€Å"Learn the names† (a deep understanding of the place-names). Chairman Lup’s character is generally similar to that of Thompson. His obsession with stories about place-names is the primary foundation of his behavioral orientation. For the most, an understanding of his character forces one to assume that he is a strict traditionalist. His personal belief about place-names is actually greater than Charles Henry and almost equal to that of Nick Thompson.

Sexuality essays

Sexuality essays 5. Sexuality in the Twentieth Century Humanity is a long drawn out historical process. Somebody once said only that which is without history can be defined. Sexuality is a substantial example of this. In his lecture, Professor Simon argued that sexuality in the twentieth century has been changeable. He draws many points about the variable of sexuality, and how it changes with through the years. The Professor also lectures about how generations mend, and explains how one generation can have great influence and impact on one another. Meaning that the beliefs of a prior generation can give way to expansion and growth of even more different ways of thinking. Complex and unchangeable sexuality draws from many different sources such as tradition, culture, and fantasy. One of the first points the Professor states is explaining how the body compares to sexuality. Simons states that there have been many changes in sexual behavior. He claims that the body is the constant. This is one thing that basically has remained the same over throughout history only with minor changes. Noting that the variable is the behavior of sexuality. Beliefs and attitudes have changed over the years, even more dramatically recently. Sexuality needs to be examined in how it fits in everyday life, and how it is shaped by everyday life. Different eras have proved to produce different beliefs on sexuality. The Professor tells of many examples in his lecture. Lets focus on the twentieth century. Simons states that a study was conducted in the twenties that proved that premariadal sex had almost doubled from the years before. He then went into the explaining that this was due to society and the industrial boom that was going on at this time. This in his opinion started to show a change in attitude of a nation. People started to become more open of who they were and their sexuality. Then he went to the 1950s and talks ab ...

Group Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Group Decision Making - Essay Example There are studies which support the concept that groups influence work behavior. A group is composed of individuals working together towards common goals by interacting with one another and utilizing appropriate resources. They need a certain period of time for common interests to be discussed, explained and internalized so that stability and efficiency would ensue. From the cohesiveness that a group develops, certain level of performance is achieved. It is therefore the objective of this paper to proffer issues pertinent to group decision making by focusing on experiences with group decision making in a professional setting. One successful and one unsuccessful experience would be identified. Likewise, the reasons for the group’s good or poor performance, drawing from concepts in the course readings would be identified and discussed, accordingly. A group is composed of individuals working together towards common goals by interacting with one another and utilizing some resources. They need a certain period of time for common interests to be discussed, explained and internalized so that stability and efficiency would ensue. According to Martires & Fule (2000, 109), â€Å"many specific roles can be categorized according to the actual behaviors of the group members. Group-building roles lead the group toward positive member interaction and interpersonal behavior†. Different studies present varying models of a typical decision-making process depending on their perspectives. Some models follow eight steps, others five. For purposes of making intuitive choices, one structurally follows six steps in decision making. The six steps of this natural, intuitive decision-making process, according to Ethics Resource Center (2009) are: â€Å"Step 1: Define the problem; Step 2: Identify available alternative solutions to the problem; Step 3: Evaluate the identified alternatives; Step 4: Make the

Why is the British Government pursuing a policy of austerity while the Essay

Why is the British Government pursuing a policy of austerity while the economy is not growing - Essay Example The failure strategies and policies include the government opting to greatly cut down on the budgets of some of its departments to as low as thirty percent (Barrell and Liadze, 2009, p. 208). The Government had employed the austerity policies and hoped that it will greatly check on the budget deficit to minimum level of zero percent by the end of that financial year. This was also considered as a move by the government to boost its economic status and assist in paying off its public debt. Despite the above measures, the budget deficit of Britain has remained at an alarming rate and with the impact being felt most by the citizens following the increased recessions (Barrell and Liadze, 2009, p. 207) Pressure in now mounting on the government to come up with working solutions as well as cut down on the credit ratings. The austerity approach failed to meet its intended role of certifying things beyond reasonable doubt thus resulting to a huge setback in the economic development of Britai n. The Government of Britain is being accused of simply trying to experiment how efficient the austerity approach can be to its economy (Barrell, Holland, and Hurst, 2012, p. 933).This experiment has led the Britain citizens to live in depression for a long period of time.. From the look of things with regards to Britain economy, it is most likely that the austerity policies will not be easily implemented. Economists have come out strongly explaining that measures like cutting down on government expenditure may in the long run reduce the economic output largely, tax revenues to decrease, and spending on benefits to increase (Barrell and Liadze, 2009, p. 207). This however takes time and may end up resulting in an increase in the budget deficit. The government had intended to win back the favor of investors and businessmen by employing the austerity strategy. The effort to try and salvage the economic situation following the implementation of austerity policies has resulted to a big battle by the Bank of England to try slash investment spending (Delong and Summers, 2012, p. 78). This measure has however remained decimal and depressed. The government has also blamed the Eurozone for being its biggest business partners yet in has don e nothing to help it with the issue of recession. The government of Britain may try resolving this recession issue by loosening its fiscal policy (Delong and Summers, 2012, p. 78). Despite such positive advice, the government has remained adamant and has continued to propagate the pre-Keynesian economics. This approach has resulted in some positive changes in the country’s fiscal policy but most people have not yet felt the fruits of his efforts and opt for better contribution. Back in 2009, the government had forecasted that come 2013, the deficit would have gone down by 3.5 per cent of G.D.P. With time, the forecast has proven to have been too optimistic (Delong and Summers, 2012, p. 78). Despite the government coming up wit h measures to reduce economic budget deficit as well as government spending, it has not yet fully implemented these measures as it keeps on postponing them with the latest future date being put at them forward until 2016 to 2017 (Fatas, 2012, p. 78). The debt-to-G.D.P. ratio, which the government opted to go up by about seventy per cent, has surprisingly hit seventy-five per cent, and chances are that it will continue to increase up to eighty per cent in 2016. (Fatas, 2012, p. 78). The British government also blames the Eurozone crisis for the immense reduction of the amount of Britain exports goods. If the government realized that the external environment was unreliable it could have adapted to boosting the domestic market and solve

Capitalism and end of slavery Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Capitalism and end of slavery - Research Paper Example These were some of the factors that led to beginning of capitalism. Capitalism started spreading in chronological order over Portugal, Spain, Holland, England and France. The protectionist system, modern mode of taxation and national debt were embraced in England at the end of 17 century (Max 667). The states were at the process of transformation from Feudal production mode to capitalism mode and to make the transition shorter. The colonial system took revenge on pious pilgrim father’s descendants some decades later. Capitalism and end of slavery It was the beginning of the 15th century that Europeans started to buy slaves from Africa especially West Africa and East Africa. During this time, slave trade became the central to the economy of several African states such as the Ashanti people. This threatened many Africans, which enslavement, however; Africans saw this as a profitable business, for instance, the King of Ashanti. Millions of Africans were bought to work in European countries.1 Slave trade continued for many decades. In 1685, Louis XIV started regulating slavery in the colonies. However, it was during the 18 century, when laws regulating slaved trade were enacted in America (John & Alfred 72). In many African societies slaves were treated as property while others as dependants, therefore, people had the right to trade them for goods. When slaves were bought, they were taken to the owners countries where they worked as laborers or joined the military. Many of the African slaves were purchased to perform domestic labor or do menial work. Other people also bought slaves to enhance their status in the society. The slave trade between America and Africa was referred to as triangular trade since it involved three stages. The Outward passage was the first stage where alcohol, guns and iron bars were moved from Europe to West Africa. The second passage was the Middle Passage where slaves were exchanged for Europeans goods (Eric 30). The third was the inward passage comprised of the journey passage. In most areas, early slavery resulted from warring communities taking captives. The slaves were sold since they were of little use and in many cases a bother when kept at home hence sold and taken to Europe. Arthur Wendover recounts his visit to the Slave Coast in 1962. He explains that people in the Slave Coast were trustworthy since goods are left ashore with no one watch them and no one stole any thing. He also adds that people never go to the sea since their rivers were large and had enough fish to feed them. This shows that the place had an abundant supply of food. Arthur states that the Slave Coast was the chief market for slaves (Robin 232). The Phidalgoe was the man with whom the slave trade was conducted. He is described as a good man and lived in splendor. Cappusheers who also lived in Slave Coast, on the other hand, are defined as people who were laborious, good and honest. They were mainly builders and did not trouble anyb ody as they did not come within the Kings Court (Alison & Adam 203). This is unlike the Guidah who were thieves and were troublesome to their King. The ship that goes to Guidah ran a risk of being robbed of both slaves and goods. The slave traders were not secure as their goods would be stolen when they took some routes. The rates given for slaves was exceedingly little. For instance, in Appa slaves were exchanged for 1 piece green silk containing 37 and a quarter yards for

British decolonisation in Africa Essay Example for Free

British decolonisation in Africa Essay Within the context of 1880-1980, to what extent did British actions accelerate British decolonisation in Africa? In the later years of the 19th century the scramble for the African continent by Western imperialist powers was reaching its climax. It appeared that the dark continent was to be no longer dark, but to be the product of Western colonial expansion with several European countries dividing up the land. No where was this more apparent than with Britain whose Empire was at its height at the turn of the century. Egypt, for instance, was a colony for 40 years (1882-1922) with its pinnacle at the turn of the century; however the decolonisation of the country as early as this is an anomaly in itself as only South Africa had previously been granted independence by the British, albeit as a self-governing dominion. In a bizarre turn of events which historians still debate today, the Empire crumbled and by the 1970s only two African states remained British colonies: Rhodesia and South West Africa. The Empire had taken the best part of a century to amalgamate, yet was mostly swept away in just over a decade. Many reasons have been proposed for the vast acceleration of decolonisation including economic difficulties at the metropole (Cain and Hopkins)1 and the rise of local nationalist movements (Hodgkin)2. More recently the actions of the British have been cited as a possible factor for the acceleration of decolonisation in Africa, marking a change in the historiography of the period. Turner3 and Lapping4 are promoters of this theory, which is gaining credence in the academic world. The 1945 election of the Labour party is a watershed in decolonisation acceleration. WW2 had recently ended which marked a shift in British culture and society, including a changed attitude to Empire. Interestingly, whilst many of the new Cabinet were anti-imperialists, the new government did not have a direct plan to fully decolonise. It was more a case of the Empire having to take a backseat to far more pressing matters: imperialism, in effect, slipped through the cracks of government. The party was elected on the mandate of and closely focused upon British welfare; the African colonies were working and therefore the governments attention was deviated, however it was one of the actions directed at the metropole which accelerated independence for many colonies. The introduction of the Welfare State in 1948 led many Britons to consider the priority and indeed the importance of the Empire when compared to home-grown issues. WW2 brought increased globalisation and it is possible that through this many British citizens saw their needs ahead of the colonies: an archaic and out-of-date segment of British foreign policy. If the colonies had representation in the British Parliament and were a province of, rather than simply a colony of Great Britain, this attitude may have been different: French Algeria, for instance, was certainly more respected at the metropole then any of Britains African colonies. There is a debate however, as to whether the British public had undergone a liberal revolution or were simply acting with self-interest. White has theorised that the latter is true, citing that the reason as to why the colonies were ditched was to release resources for domestic welfare spending5. Moreover, the fact National Service was revoked in 1960 reduced Britains ability to defend its colonies against uprising nationalist movements: conscription was ended through self-interest, as the majority of British youths didnt want to have to fight in the far off terrains of Sub-Saharan Africa. This further implies that the average British citizen was becoming disinterested by the Empire or, at the very least, impartial to its future. I will cover nationalism in greater depth below, but with such a lack of metropole interest, the Empire could not be expected to last long. The British action of electing a Labour government effectively, in an indirect form, accelerated decolonisation for ma ny of the African colonies. WW1 expanded the Empire both geographically and as a world power, with Britain gaining several new mandates from the Ottoman Empire. The geographical expansion of the Empire post-WW1 and the reluctance of the metropole to grant these new mandates independence6, imply that attitudes had not changed and many (both in government and in society) saw the Empire as a credible and useful segment of British politics: therefore, with the exception of the more economically advanced Egypt, African decolonisation by the British did not occur between the wars. Rather, many African colonies developed and became more stable societies. Take the Gold Coast for instance: between the wars its economy, communications and education became, to a certain extent, Westernised and the country flourished. Admittedly this led to the acceleration of nationalist movements in the area which, in turn, accelerated decolonisation, but the country was undeniably prospering due to the British-led government of the time.7 Many citizens of the African colonies (including Egypt and the Gold Coast) fought alongside British soldiers in WW1 and the respect and prestige for the peoples increased because of it. Indeed, the 1914-1939 era can be seen as one of the strongest periods of the British African Empire. This implies that a post-1945 factor (e.g. the Suez Crisis, see below) accelerated decolonisation. In comparison, World War 2 accelerated decolonisation at a far greater rate than many could have imagined just a few years prior. Effectively, the war established rather paradoxically that imperialism (both British and otherwise) was both positive and negative. Ferguson has noted that the British Empire sacrificed itself to stop the spread of the evil empire of Nazi Germany: indeed, the British Empire had never had a finer hour8 than when it was self-sacrificing. During the war it was inevitable that Britain would have to, to a certain extent, neglect the colonies to focus on defeating the enemy. Through this the colonies became more independent having to, for example, source resources and engage in trade without the aid of the metropole. Moreover, the colonial peoples had a greater influence on the running of their societies; in effect, many became informal dominions. This, combined with the policies of the 1945 Labour government, further fuelled nationalism which accelerated decolonisation; in a way similar to how the two World Wars improved womens rights in Britain, the wars seemed to suggest that many colonies could govern effectively on their own. Previously, only the more economically and politically stable societies had been granted independence (e.g. South Africa, 1910) and several colonies (e.g. the Gold Coast) seemed to show similar traits during the war. The Second World War didnt lead directly to decolonisation, but it is this British action which occurred because of the conflict that accelerated decolonisation in British Africa. The end of WW2 bought increased globalisation and a new world order, where the enemy didnt appear to be Nazism or Fascism, but rather the expansion of the Soviet Bloc and the spread of communism: the Cold War was just beginning to ignite. Along with the notion of changed attitudes of the British people, there is also the argument that the Empire really didnt fit into the new world. Now, the split between East and West had never been more apparent and British Africa looked like an oddity: along with the passing of new welfare legislation at the metropole and the changing attitudes of the British people, Britain needed to abolish the Empire for two reasons directly related to the Cold War: to concentrate efforts on halting the spread of communism and to appease the anti-imperialist US, who Britain now required as an ally more than ever before. Moreover, the world order was now unclear and Britain had far greater problems to worry about than what their small African colonies were up to: put bluntly, the new threat of nuclear inhalation seemed more important than the political shortcomings of, say, Somalia. While WW2 does spell out more crucial factors for the acceleration of decolonisation, the Cold War is another smaller factor which just added to the need to decolonise. The post-WW2 economy is a further crucial factor in the acceleration of decolonisation. Britain was no longer able to withstand the fiscal costs of Empire; this was coupled with a lack of substantial profit coming into the metropole from the African colonies. Economically, WW2 was a great strain on Britain with the country coming out of the war in great debt; she required a loan of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½145million from the US alone9. Britain was exhausted and worn down, both figuratively and physically. Many cities required money to rebuild, some from scratch, plus food badly needed to be imported following years of intense rationing. Moreover, the introduction of the welfare state (see above) required significant funding. As said, attitudes to Empire were changing which, combined with the need for intense spending on the homeland, led to many seeing the African colonies simply as a drain on Britains already scarce resources. Britain made the situation worse: during the war she had understanda bly concentrated on producing munitions for her troops, resulting in fewer exports to the colonies. Many turned away from the metropole and looked to alternate suppliers, including their own land which inevitably fuelled nationalism further. Moreover, two acts (The Colonial Development and Welfare Acts of 1940 and 1945) were passed during wartime which forced the British government to further invest in the colonial economies10, therefore making an already problematic economic situation worse. It is possible that the government felt it was backed into a corner and simply did not have the patience or money to rebuild the colonies and the metropole: they had become, or at least had the potential to become, a major rupture on the British economy a rupture Britain could not afford to fix, but only to cut out completely. In the early 20th century when British imperialism was at its height, Hobson11 saw the expansion of Britain in Africa as purely economic and an underhand method to help capitalists at the metropole this opinion was endorsed by Lenin in 191612 and, in an albeit modified form, by the historian Darwin in 1984: more completely than ever before, economics and empire had come together13. More recently, Cain and Hopkins14 have suggested that imperialism in Africa was established by gentleman capitalists15 who were simply aiming to make profit out of the African land. Of course, if this is the case, then with the post-war debt experienced in 1945 it would have been difficult to make money from these colonies, leading to decolonisation. The decolonisation of African colonies would effectively make Britain a richer country, therefore agreeing with the views expressed by Cain and Hopkins and others: the Empire had served its purpose of aiding Britains wealth but now it was draining it and, as such, it was time for it to go. The Suez Crisis of 1956 was one of the most decisive British actions in the 20th century to accelerate decolonisation in Africa. Former Prime Minister Harold MacMillan once remarked that it is events, dear boy, events16 which determine the success of a premiership. The term event is almost too light of a phrase to use when considering the Suez Crisis: not only did it annihilate Anthony Edens administration, but it was also the launching pad for many factors which saw British decolonisation vastly accelerated. There are two key elements of the crisis which paved the way to said factors: the deception employed by the imperialist powers of Britain and France, plus the apparent overreaction to a simple act of nationalisation by a head of state. Both these factors led to the reputations of the countries involved and international relations been damaged, as well as a decrease in trade. Britain was the driving force behind the attack hence she was particularly wounded with the political and economic fallout: for one, the special relationship with the United States was harmed (Secretary of State John Foster Dulles claimed the British government had explicitly lied to [him]17) and, more critically for this inquiry, her reputation within the African continent was damaged. Britain looked small and corrupt, a mere shadow of her former colonial self; she was attempting to throw her imperialist weight around in a world which it didnt seem to fit. Nasser had successfully stood up to the Western powers and won, thus undermining Britain and France, plus providing inspiration to the many oppressed colonies. However, it is possible that the reaction did not provoke the level of international condemnation that is contemporarily considered, showing a difference in historiography. To the African colonies, former British dominions that had experienced colonialism and anti-imperialist powers such as the USA, then yes, it is likely that Britains reputation was damaged. However, to other imperialists it is possible that the government simply appeared to be standing firm with a tyrant. World War 2 had been won only 11 years prior, hence the memory of what tyrannical dictators can achieve was still fresh in most leaders minds. Eden may have appeared noble and selfless, destroying not just his own political career but a carefully-crafted reputation built up over more than 20 years18 for the greater good of a safer world, or at least a more economically stable Great Britain. White has proposed that there [were] a number of lacklustre continuities, rather than dramatic discontinuities19 in imperialist policy following Edens departure: a government memorandum circulated in the immediate aftermath of the crisis, for instance, made no mention of impending decolonisation20. Suez was not so much a watershed, but a temporary setback in Britains imperial decline, indicating other factors are responsible. Economically, the Egyptian nationalisation of the canal posed a significant danger to Britain as 2/3 of the countrys oil utilised the waterway. The chief reason as to why Britain intervened in the first place (and, indeed, retained the Canal Zone in 1922) was that the government simply did not trust the Egyptians to efficiently control the windpipe21 of the British economy. Post-crisis, Britains humiliation resulted in a trade decrease and a catastrophic22 run on the pound, resulting in her appearing not only politically and militarily weak but also financially weak. This situation, which was caused by the Suez Crisis, meant that Britain could no longer afford to support the African colonies, implying that the British action of invading the Suez Canal Zone led to one of the factors which brought about the Empires collapse. Combined, these factors inspired nationalist movements within the colonies and general condemnation of imperialism, which also accelerated decolonisation. The crisis is unique as not only did it, to a certain extent accelerate decolonisation, but it is also one of the very few examples of where a British action greatly damages the standing of the Empire. Prior to Suez, Britain was surprisingly cautious with decolonisation (with regard to Africa, only 4 of her 24 colonies had been decolonised at this point); arguably this was to retain an Empire, but also to ensure that the new societies were ready to govern. It was only following the Suez debacle that decolonisation accelerated, implying that previously Britain had took great care over the handovers of power. South Africa was a stable society when decolonised in 1910 and, looking further afield, so were Australia, Canada and India. To many other countries and colonies, Britain appeared now unable to continue to be the metropole of a successful Empire. After all, if the dictator of a former colony could cause a country such ridicule, how could they be expected to carry on maintaining a successful Empire? Comparatively with White23, Turner has called the crisis a military failure and political disaster24, whilst Lapping has referred to it as the imperial cataclysm25 in decolonisation acceleration. The crisis was highly influential in the eventual collapse of the British Empire in Africa but it did not lead directly to decolonisation, rather greatly accelerated it. The rise of nationalism within the African colonies inevitably accelerated decolonisation; advocates of this theory argue that for decolonisation to occur there needs to be an opposition force to the status quo government (in this case, colonial British rule), thereby giving the people a choice. Looking throughout history at the Empire as a whole gives this theory credibility: look at the violent independence battles of the 13 North American colonies in 1783 or India in 1947, and compare that to the peaceful colony of the Falkland Islands which still exists today. The previous decolonisation record of the British government, plus the 1947 granting of independence to India, no doubt sent the message that it was only a matter of time before the African colonies were decolonised. India specifically was the jewel in the crown of the British Empire and as such its decolonisation will have led many, both in the colonies and abroad, to see the Empire as deteriorating. This accelerated nationalist movements within the African colonies, with India referencing the beginning of the end. After all, if India could be granted independence through a powerful and violent nationalist movement, then why couldnt the other far less prestigious colonies? Indian independence inspired others to rise up and attempt to take back control of their lands, accelerating the decolonisation process for British Africa. Similarly, plus to reiterate an earlier point, the Suez Crisis accelerated nationalism: Nasser appeared to be the David who had managed to annihilate the imperialist Goliath. This inspired nationalism in other colonies to grow and attempt to take back control of their lands: after all, if Nasser could manage it then why couldnt they? Harold MacMillans Winds of Change speech four years later further inspired this nationalism as, for the first time, the government officially acknowledged the inevitability of decolonisation. The speech sent the message to many colonial peoples that nationalism was acceptable: for the first time in almost 100 hundred years, power was given to the Africans. MacMillan was acknowledging that the British government could no longer afford to sustain an Empire and would be willing to pass power to the local peoples if they should so wish. The speech had a great effect as over the next ten years 88% of Britains remaining African colonies were granted independence; by 1968, only two remained. Nationalism was suddenly acceptable which encouraged those who may have been content to be a colony to rise up against imperialism. This speech, combined with Britains poor economic situation and damaged credibility following Suez, vastly accelerated decolonisation. Moreover, the vast majority of British colonies were underdeveloped both economically and socially which further advanced nationalism. Take Nigeria for instance: the peoples were so against colonial oppression many began to strike from work a surprisingly Western phenomenon implying the people were more integrated than they may have wished to believe. It is estimated that from 1945-50, over 100,000 working days were lost in Nigeria to strike action against colonial rule26. Even the Gold Coast (the very model27 of a colony) was not free of such demonstrations against imperialism: February 1948 witnessed a violent protest, resulting in the deaths of two British servicemen28. One only has to look at Kenya and the Mau Mau rebellions to see further evidence of increasing dissent with British imperialism. It had, to use the words of one modern historian, turned into a rapid scuttle29 of local nationalism. The Gold Coast was decolonized in 1957 but had been allowed to gradually master the art of modern government over many years, leading to a much more stable society post-independence, making it the very model of decolonisation30. In comparison, when Nigeria was swiftly decolonised in 1960 the government was a weak coalition with limited power two army coups followed in 1964 and 1966. Britains damaged reputation in the continent prevented stable governments from being created, resulting in far more fragile states today. French Algeria (despite been a province of the metropole) saw terrible violence between the FLN and colons: to use a term of warfare, the Algerian nationalists utilised violent guerrilla tactics to spread their cause, resulting in a great amount of destruction and loss of life. Algeria bullied itself into independence in 1962 further showing that imperial metropoles were not as powerful as they once were. It is an exaggeration perhaps, but it can be said that the Suez Crisis was the first instance which led to these new states political and economic troubles which still exist today. Look at Egypt and South Africa today or, from a more international perspective, India and Australia, all of which were granted independence pre-1956 and compare them to the troubled states of Nigeria, Kenya (1963) and Somalia (1960). The acceleration of British decolonisation in the latter half of the 20th century is the opposite of what the government and imperialists like the legendary Cecil Rhodes would have imagined just 60-70 years previously. They had fought sometimes bloody battles for the expansion of the British Empire into the less civilised areas of the world, yet now the government was seemingly trying to get rid of the Empire in as rapid and inefficient way as possible. Multiple factors account for the sudden acceleration of decolonisation, but most come back to the actions of the British: if Britain had, for instance, provided more support and direct governance in a Westernised style (as seen in the Gold Coast), her colonies would have developed at a greater rate leading to a greater level of content from the colonial peoples. However her neglect and exploitation of her own people led to dissent within the colonies, leading many to want out before they were politically ready. The most pivotal British action which is continually referred back to is the 1956 Suez Crisis: for the first time in the Empires history, the British appeared militarily, politically and economically weak, causing many in the African colonies to quite fairly believe they could run their countries better. Nationalism was inevitable, and the international conflicts of the Cold War and the two World Wars couldnt be stopped, implying that Britain herself was responsible for the downfall of her own Empire. If the crisis hadnt occurred then the Empire would have faded away through gradual decolonisation as each territory became more economically, politically and socially developed; instead, the Crisis turned decolonisation of Africa into a rapid scuttle31, with Britain almost retreating into a corner trying to distance herself as far as possible from the embarrassment of 1956. Today, it is easy to see that decolonisation was inevitable; the Suez Crisis just accelerated that inevitability. One of the worlds greatest Empires was established by one of the most powerful countries in the world, so it is only fitting that it was destroyed by one of the most disgraced it is just unfortunate they were both Great Britain. 1 Cain, P. J. Hopkins, A. J., 1993, British Imperialism: Crisis and Deconstruction, 1914-1990 2 Hodgkin, T., 1956, Nationalism in Colonial Africa 3 Turner, B., 2006, Suez 1956: The Inside Story of the First Oil War 4 Lapping, B., 1985, End of Empire 5 White, N. J., 1999, Decolonisation: The British Experience Since 1945, Pg 32 6 Thorn, G., 2008, End of Empires: European Decolonisation 1919-80, Pg 16 7 McLaughlin, J. L., 1994, The Colonial Era: British Rule of the Gold Coast 8 Ferguson, N., 2004, Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World 9 Rohrer, F., 10/05/2006, BBC News [Online] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4757181.stm] [Accessed 25/04/2010] 10 Chamberlain, M.E., 1985, Decolonisation: The Fall of the European Empires, Pg 35 11 Hobson, J.A., 1902, Imperialism: A Study 12 Lenin, V., 1916, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism 13 Darwin, J., 1984, British Decolonization since 1945: A Pattern or a Puzzle?, Pg 197 14 Cain, P. J. Hopkins, A. J., 1993, British Imperialism: Crisis and Deconstruction, 1914-1990 15 Cain, P. J. Hopkins, A. J., 1993, British Imperialism: Innovation and Expansion, 1688-1914 16 Beckett, F., 2006, MacMillan, Pg 97 17 Wilby, P., 2006, Eden, Pg 79 18 Wilby, P., 2006, Eden, Pg 128 19 White, N. J., 1999, Decolonisation: The British Experience Since 1945, Pg 85 20 White, N. J., 1999, Decolonisation: The British Experience Since 1945, Pg 128 21 Wilby, P., 2006, Eden, Pg 96 22 White, N. J., 1999, Decolonisation: The British Experience Since 1945, Pg 84 23 White, N. J., 1999, Decolonisation: The British Experience Since 1945 24 Turner, B., 2006, Suez 1956: The Inside Story of the First Oil War 25 Lapping, B., 1985, End of Empire 26 White, N. J., 1999, Decolonisation: The British Experience Since 1945, Pg 48 27 Thorn, G., 2008, End of Empires: European Decolonisation 1919-80, Pg 50 28 White, N. J., 1999, Decolonisation: The British Experience Since 1945, Pg 49 29 Lapping, B., 1985, End of Empire, Pg 227 30 Thorn, G., 2008, End of Empires: European Decolonisation 1919-80, Pg 50 31 Lapping, B., 1985, End of Empire, Pg 227